Table 2.
Baseline clinical and biochemical parameters, as well as significant differences, in proteinuric patients and healthy, matched controlsa
| Healthy, Age and Sex-Matched Controls (n = 50) | Nonnephrotic Proteinuria (<3.5 g/d) (n = 43) | Nephrotic-Range Proteinuria without Amyloidosis (>3.5 g/d) (n = 39) | Nephrotic-Range Proteinuria with Amyloidosis (>3.5 g/d) (n = 39) | Differences between the Two Nephrotic Groupsb (P) | ANOVAc (P) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical parameters | ||||||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27 ± 2 | 26 ± 2 | 26 ± 2 | 27 ± 2 | NS | NS | ||||||
| systolic BP, mmHg | 132 (111 to 138) | 132 (110 to 139) | 132 (122 to 135) | 131 (112 to 137) | NS | NS | ||||||
| diastolic BP, mmHg | 83.5 (76 to 90) | 81 (80 to 91) | 84 (80 to 90) | 84 (78 to 92) | NS | NS | ||||||
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 103 ± 4 | 102 ± 9 | 90 ± 6 | 93 ± 7 | NS | NS | ||||||
| proteinuria, g/d | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.2 | NS | <0.001 | ||||||
| Metabolic markers | ||||||||||||
| total cholesterol, mg/dl | 189 ± 18 | 203 ± 27 | 283 ± 33 | 281 ± 55 | NS | <0.001 | ||||||
| triglycerides, mg/dl | 122 (84 to 155) | 134 (78 to 58) | 214 (151 to 243) | 215 (128 to 265) | NS | <0.001 | ||||||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 112 ± 14 | 112 ± 15 | 158 ± 27 | 158 ± 20 | NS | <0.001 | ||||||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 45 (36 to 65) | 42 (28 to 54) | 46 (29 to 54) | 45 (33 to 57) | NS | 0.026 | ||||||
| total protein, g/dl | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.7 | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| serum albumin, g/dl | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | NS | <0.001 | ||||||
| Inflammation and glucose homeostasis | ||||||||||||
| hsCRP, mg/L | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 11.5 ± 2.8 | 14.5 ± 2.8 | 14.6 ± 3.4 | NS | <0.001 | ||||||
| FPG, mg/dl | 82 ± 10 | 81 ± 15 | 75 ± 15 | 84 ± 12 | NS | NS | ||||||
| insulin, μIU/ml | 6.1 (4.0 to 8.7) | 10.0 (6.9 to 23) | 10.7 (8.4 to 26.0) | 14.7 (6.0 to 34.0) | 0.022 | <0.001 | ||||||
| HOMA | 1.2 (0.8 to 2.1) | 2.1 (1.1 to 4.3) | 2.2 (1.1 to 5.3) | 3.0 (1.0 to 7.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Endothelial function and methylarginines | ||||||||||||
| FMD, % | 8.8 ± 1.2 | 7.1 ± 0.6 | 6.6 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| L-arginine, μmol/L | 96.5 ± 9.1 | 96.2 ± 7.9 | 93.1 ± 5.7 | 92.1 ± 7.9 | NS | 0.02 | ||||||
| L-arginine/ADMA | 108 (70 to 232) | 61 (46 to 98) | 32 (19 to 56) | 22 (15 to 31) | 0.027 | <0.001 | ||||||
| ADMA/SDMA ratio | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.75 ± 0.11 | 0.89 ± 0.13 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| SDMA, μmol/L | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | 2.2 (1.2 to 2.4) | 3.2 (1.8 to 4.8) | 4.6 (3.2 to 5.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| ADMA, μmol/L | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.2) | 1.6 (1.1 to 1.8) | 3.0 (1.9 to 4.4) | 4.2 (3.1 to 5.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
a
BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; ADMA, asymmetric dimethyl arginine; SDMA, symmetric dimethyl arginine; FMD, flow-mediated dilatation.
b
Post hoc adjusted Tukey-Kramer test to identify significant differences between the two groups with nephrotic syndrome with different degree of proteinuria.
c
One-way ANOVA test between all four groups.