Abstract
A seasonal distribution was observed for rotaviruses in sewage by using indirect immunofluorescence. Levels were low from May through September and generally higher during winter and spring. In contrast, no seasonal pattern was observed for total enteroviruses. Limitations of the indirect immunofluorescence assay and enzyme immunoassay for environmental samples are discussed.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Bolivar R., Conklin R. H., Vollet J. J., Pickering L. K., DuPont H. L., Walters D. L., Kohl S. Rotavirus in travelers' diarrhea: study of an adult student population in Mexico. J Infect Dis. 1978 Mar;137(3):324–327. doi: 10.1093/infdis/137.3.324. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flewett T. H., Woode G. N. The rotaviruses. Arch Virol. 1978;57(1):1–23. doi: 10.1007/BF01315633. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hejkal T. W., Gerba C. P., Rao V. C. Reduction of cytotoxicity in virus concentrates from environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Mar;43(3):731–733. doi: 10.1128/aem.43.3.731-733.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hejkal T. W., Wellings F. M., Lewis A. L., LaRock P. A. Distribution of viruses associated with particles in waste water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981 Mar;41(3):628–634. doi: 10.1128/aem.41.3.628-634.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Irving L. G., Smith F. A. One-year survey of enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and reoviruses isolated from effluent at an activated-sludge purification plant. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981 Jan;41(1):51–59. doi: 10.1128/aem.41.1.51-59.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kapikian A. Z., Kim H. W., Wyatt R. G., Cline W. L., Arrobio J. O., Brandt C. D., Rodriguez W. J., Sack D. A., Chanock R. M., Parrott R. H. Human reovirus-like agent as the major pathogen associated with "winter" gastroenteritis in hospitalized infants and young children. N Engl J Med. 1976 Apr 29;294(18):965–972. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197604292941801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kim H. W., Brandt C. D., Kapikian A. Z., Wyatt R. G., Arrobio J. O., Rodriguez W. J., Chanock R. M., Parrott R. H. Human reovirus-like agent infection. Occurrence in adult contacts of pediatric patients with gastroenteritis. JAMA. 1977 Aug 1;238(5):404–407. doi: 10.1001/jama.238.5.404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lund E., Hedström C. E., Strannegård O. A comparison between virus isolations from sewage and from fecal specimens from patients. Am J Epidemiol. 1966 Sep;84(2):282–286. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MELNICK J. L., EMMONS J., COFFEY J. H., SCHOOF H. Seasonal distribution of Coxsackie viruses in urban sewage and flies. Am J Hyg. 1954 Mar;59(2):164–184. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119631. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McNulty M. S. Rotaviruses. J Gen Virol. 1978 Jul;40(1):1–18. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-40-1-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pang Q. F., Qiu F. X., Yu F. R., Chen S. Z., Suo Y. Q., Li G. Y., He Z. M., Zhang B. Y. Studies on the etiology of autumnal infantile acute gastroenteritis--rotavirus. Chin Med J (Engl) 1980 Jan;93(1):36–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rubenstein A. S., Miller M. F. Comparison of an enzyme immunoassay with electron microscopic procedures for detecting rotavirus. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 May;15(5):938–944. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.5.938-944.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sharp D. G., Floyd R., Johnson J. D. Nature of the surviving plaque-forming unit of reovirus in water containing bromine. Appl Microbiol. 1975 Jan;29(1):94–101. doi: 10.1128/am.29.1.94-101.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith E. M., Gerba C. P. Development of a method for detection of human rotavirus in water and sewage. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Jun;43(6):1440–1450. doi: 10.1128/aem.43.6.1440-1450.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Steinhoff M. C. Rotavirus: the first five years. J Pediatr. 1980 Apr;96(4):611–622. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(80)80725-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Steinmann J. Detection of rotavirus in sewage. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981 Apr;41(4):1043–1045. doi: 10.1128/aem.41.4.1043-1045.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wellings F. M., Lewis A. L., Mountain C. W. Demonstration of solids-associated virus in wastewater and sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1976 Mar;31(3):354–358. doi: 10.1128/aem.31.3.354-358.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- von Bonsdorff C. H., Hovi T., Mäkelä P., Mörttinen A. Rotavirus infections in adults in association with acute gastroenteritis. J Med Virol. 1978;2(1):21–28. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890020105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]