Table 3.
Description of the Study Populations of Adults Included in the Meta-Analyses (n=604,509)
| Author | Year | Country | Sample size (n) | Age (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vioque w20 | 2000 | Spain | 1,772 | 15+ |
| Shigeta w21 * ¶ | 2001 | Japan | 437 | 43–63 |
| Kripke w22 | 2002 | USA | 497,037 | 30–102 |
| Cournot w23 | 2004 | France | 3,127 | 32–62 |
| Hasler w24 | 2004 | Switzerland | 457 | 27 |
| Bjorkelund w25 | 2005 | Sweden | 1,460 | 38–60 |
| Gangwisch (1) w26 | 2005 | USA | 3,682 | 32–49 |
| Gangwisch (2) w26 | 2005 | USA | 3,324 | 50–67 |
| Gangwisch (3) w26 | 2005 | USA | 2,582 | 68–86 |
| Singh w27 | 2005 | USA | 3,158 | 18–65 |
| Moreno w28 § | 2006 | Brazil | 4,878 | Mean 40 |
| Vahtera w29 † ‡ | 2006 | Finland | 26,468 | Mean 45 |
| Watari (men) w30 ‡ | 2006 | Japan | 19,894 | 20–54 |
| Watari (women) w30 ‡ | 2006 | Japan | 5,418 | 20–54 |
| Kohatsu w31 | 2006 | USA | 990 | Mean 48.3 |
| Bjorvatn w32 | 2007 | Norway | 8,860 | 40–45 |
| Chaput (men) w33 * ¶ | 2007 | Canada | 323 | 21–64 |
| Chaput (women) w33 * ¶ | 2007 | Canada | 417 | 21–64 |
| Ko w34 * # | 2007 | Hong Kong | 4,793 | 17–83 |
| Tuomilehto w35 * | 2007 | Finland | 2,770 | 45–74 |
| Fogelholm (men) w36 * | 2007 | Finland | 3,377 | 30+ |
| Fogelholm (women) w36 * | 2007 | Finland | 4,264 | 30+ |
| Stranges w37 | 2008 | UK | 5,021 | 44–69 |
Short sleep: * <6 h or <6 h per day; † <6.5 h or <6.5 h per night; § <8 h per night; Obesity: ¶ BMI >25 kg/m2; # BMI >25 kg/m2 and/or waist >80 cm in women and >90 cm in men; ‡ BMI >27 kg/m2 or >26.4 kg/m2; Note: All references beginning with a W are available in the website version of this paper on the SLEEP website at www.journalsleep.org