Table 2.
Relationships Among the Metabolic Syndrome, Components of the Metabolic Syndrome, Sleep Duration and Covariates
| Sleep Duration and Covariates | Individual components of the metabolic syndrome |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic syndrome OR (95% CI) | Central adiposity criterion OR (95% CI) | Glucose criterion OR (95% CI) | Blood pressure criterion OR (95% CI) | Triglycerides criterion OR (95% CI) | HDL criterion OR (95% CI) | |
| Reported sleep duration, hd | ||||||
| < 6 | 1.83 (1.19–2.80) | 1.73 (1.21–2.57) | 1.74 (1.18–2.55) | 1.10 (0.75–1.63) | 1.32 (0.85–2.05) | 1.34 (0.91–1.99) |
| 6-< 7 | 1.41 (1.05–2.10) | 1.64 (1.22–2.20) | 1.11 (0.82–1.52) | 0.97 (0.72–1.32) | 1.53 (1.10–2.14) | 1.24 (0.91–1.69) |
| 7– 8 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| > 8 | 1.81 (1.04–3.15) | 1.47 (0.91–2.40) | 1.70 (1.04–2.80) | 1.00 (0.59–1.69) | 0.93 (0.50–1.73) | 1.54 (0.95–2.50) |
| Biologic and sociodemographicsa | ||||||
| Age | 1.05 (1.02–1.07) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) |
| Sex | 2.60 (1.90–3.55) | 1.01 (0.78–1.32) | 2.44 (1.85–3.21) | 3.09 (2.33–4.08) | 3.20 (2.34–4.38) | 1.16 (0.88–1.52) |
| Race | 0.99 (0.65–1.49) | 1.79 (1.26–2.52) | 1.17 (0.81–1.70) | 2.10 (1.46–3.02) | 0.31 (0.19–0.53) | 0.79 (0.54–1.14) |
| Educational attainment | 0.68 (0.50–0.93) | 0.78 (0.60–1.02) | 0.94 (0.71–1.24) | 0.66 (0.50–0.87) | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | 0.59 (0.44–0.77) |
| Health behaviorsb | ||||||
| Smoker | 1.03 (0.71–1.50) | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) | 1.27 (0.91–1.77) | 0.86 (0.61–1.22) | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) | 1.15 (0.82–1.61) |
| Physical activity | 0.61 (0.51–0.73) | 0.68 (0.58–0.80) | 0.82 (0.69–0.96) | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 0.65 (0.54–0.78) | 0.67 (0.57–0.79) |
| Indices of healthc | ||||||
| LDL cholesterol | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 1.01 (1.01–1.01) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| Symptoms of depression | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 1.08 (0.94–1.23) | 0.96 (0.83–1.10) | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) |
HDL refers to high-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
Age = 1-year increase; Sex = males compared to females; Race = African American compared to Caucasian; Educational attainment = bachelor's degree or higher compared to associate's degree or lower.
b
Smoker = “current smoker” vs “never” or “past”; Physical activity = 1 SD increase.
c
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol = 1 SD increase; Symptoms of depression = 1 SD increase.
d
Sleep duration = 7– 8 hours as referent.