Table III.

Bivariate Comparisons of Children's Language Scores at 6 and 9.5 Years by Prenatal Cocaine Exposure Status

	Prenatal cocaine exposure
Language standard scores	Unexposed M (SD)a	Exposed M (SD)	F ratiob	p-value	Effect sizec
6 years	n = 73	n = 84
Receptive languaged	94.1 (15.1)	90.8 (12.2)	2.28	0.13	−0.24
Expressive languaged	92.6 (18.3)	91.1 (12.5)	0.39	0.53	−0.09
Total languaged	92.4 (17.4)	90.5 (11.7)	0.68	0.41	−0.13
9.5 years	n = 64	n = 73
Receptive languaged	87.9 (18.0)	89.1 (16.4)	0.16	0.68	0.07
Expressive languaged	90.3 (16.7)	89.7 (15.9)	0.04	0.84	−0.04
Total languaged	88.3 (17.1)	88.4 (16.0)	0.00	0.96	0.01
Low language score (<70)	N (%)	N (%)	χ2	p-value	OR (95% CI)e
6 years	n = 73	n = 84
Low receptive language (%)	2 (2.7%)	3 (3.6%)	0.77	0.77	1.30 (0.22–7.59)
Low expressive language (%)	7 (9.5%)	3 (3.6%)	2.37	0.19f	0.37 (0.10–1.39)
Low total language (%)	8 (10.9%)	2 (2.4%)	4.82	0.10f	0.22 (0.05–1.00)
9.5 years	n = 64	n = 73
Low receptive language (%)	9 (14.1%)	12 (16.4%)	0.15	0.70	1.16 (0.52–2.59)
Low expressive language (%)	7 (10.9%)	10 (13.7%)	0.24	0.63	1.24 (0.50–3.10)
Low total language (%)	6 (9.4%)	9 (12.3%)	0.31	0.79f	1.30 (0.49–3.49)

Language variables were derived from the Test of Language Development: Primary-third edition (TOLD:P-3) at the 6-year visit (n = 157) and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals—Revised (CELF-R) at the 9.5-year visit (n = 134).

^aM (SD), arithmetic mean (standard deviation).

^bOne-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), degrees of freedom = 1, 155 at 6 years and 1, 133 at 9.5 years.

^cCohen's d. Negative d indicates lower mean in the cocaine-exposed group. An absolute value for d of 0.2, 0.5, or 0.8 indicates small, medium, and large effects, respectively.

^dStandard score (population mean = 100, standard deviation = 15).

^eOR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^fFisher's exact test.