Table 1.

Clinical trials and epidemiological surveys reporting increases in prevalence. (Reported increases in non-vaccine strains after vaccination.)

disease	vaccine	increase in	region	references
H. influenzae	Hib	non-type b	Alaska	Centers for Disease Control (1996, 2002) and Perdue et al. (2000)
	Hib	type f	multiple states, US	Urwin et al. (1996)
	conjugate Hib	type a	Brazil	Ribeiro et al. (2003)
	conjugate Hib	non-capsulated	UK	Slack et al. (1998) and Sarangi et al. (2000)
S. pneumoniae	PCV-7a	NVTb	Finland	Eskola et al. (2001)
	PCV-7	NVT (carriage)	community-level, US	Sprat & Greenwood (2000) and Huang et al. (2005)
	PCV-7	serogroups 15 and 33	US PMPSG, US	Gonzalez et al. (2006)
	PCV-7	NVT (AOMc)	hospitals, Pittsburgh	McEllistrem et al. (2003, 2005)
	PPV-23d	12Fe, 7F, 22F, 7C	Alaska	Centers for Disease Control (2005)
N. meningitidis	A-C vaccine	serogroup B	Austria	Biebl et al. (2005)
	A-C vaccine	serogroup B	Europe	van Looveren et al. (2001), Pérez-Trallero et al. (2002) and Schrijver & Maes (2003)
	A-C vaccine	serogroup B	Cuba	Rodriguez et al. (1999)
B. pertussis	pertussis	various	the Netherlands	Mooi et al. (1998, 2001) and van Loo et al. (1999)
	pertussis	various	US	Hardwick et al. (2002)
	WCV/ACVf	various	Sweden	Hallander et al. (2005)

^a7-Valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

^bNon-vaccine types.

^cAcute otitis media.

^d23-Valent polysaccharide vaccine.

^eAn outbreak of a strain included in the PPV-23.

^fWhole-cell/acellular vaccines used with a period of time between them.