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A model for the pathways mediating an astrocytic calcium wave. The calcium wave is propagated both through an intercellular, gap-junction pathway (2, 15) and through the extracellular pathway defined in this study. Autocrine stimulation is suggested by the dashed arrow, shown only for the leftmost cell. The contribution of each of these pathways to the communication between astrocytes in situ may vary developmentally, regionally, and with physiological state.
