Figure 11.

A. Examples of different grid cell firing patterns with manipulations of the phase of oscillations in different dendrites. A1. The grid field shows a 90 degree rightward translation with the following phase shift (in radians) for the dendrites ϕ_d = (π/2 −π/2 0). A2. Change in grid fields with phase shift of ϕ_d = (π −π 0) in radians. A3. Effect of random phase shifts ϕ_d = (2.8 0.1 5.2) in radians. A4. Effect of random phase shifts ϕ_d = (5.3 3.3 1.3) in radians that resembles the effect of a uniform phase shift. A5. Effect of uniform phase shift of ϕ_d = (π π π). B1. Rotation of grid fields with addition of 60 degrees (π/6 radians) to each HD cell angle. B2. Effect of input from HD cells with random selectivity angles of φ_HD = (4.4 3.9 5.0). C1. Plot of the trajectory of a real rat from the experimental data by Hafting et al. (2005). C2. Trajectory of the virtual rat with momentum set at m=0.99. C3. Trajectory of the virtual rat with no momentum (m=0), showing the abrupt direction shifts that do not resemble the real rat trajectory.