VIP excitation of GnRH neurons is time of day dependent. A, Representative examples of firing patterns are shown for GnRH neurons from OVX+E mice recorded during negative feedback (top panel), surge onset (middle panel), and surge peak (bottom panel). Firing rate is displayed at 30-sec intervals (bottom graph in each panel). Vertical lines at the top of each panel illustrate timing of individual action currents detected. B–D, Rate of response for OVX+E cells recorded during negative feedback (n = 6 cells) (B), surge onset (n = 13) (C), or surge peak (n = 14) (D).