P4 and E2 enhance COX activity and expression. A, Relative rate of COX activity of isolated whole-brain mitochondria with or without in vivo E2 (30 μg/kg), P4 (30 μg/kg), E2/P4, or sesame oil vehicle control treatment. The bars represent mean ± sem from four separate experiments with two animals per group for each experiment. *, P < 0.05 compared with control; **, P < 0.01 compared with control; n = 8. B, Total RNA was isolated from brain after 24 h exposure to E2 (30 μg/kg), P4 (30 μg/kg), E2/P4, or sesame oil vehicle control. Expression of COXI, COXII, COXIII, and COXIV mRNA was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. Bars represent mean relative expression ± sem from eight animals per group. *, P < 0.05 compared with control; n = 8.