Complementation of the Arabidopsis fah1-2 mutant by SmF5H. (a) Arabidopsis Columbia WT (Col WT), fah1-2, and four independent T2 transgenic lines of fah1-2-p35s::SmF5H rosette-stage plants were photographed under visible light (Upper) and UV light (Lower). Blue fluorescence reflects the presence of sinapoylmalate and complementation of the fah1 phenotype. (b) Restoration of the leaf sinapoylmalate production in fah1-2-p35s::SmF5H transgenic plants quantified by HPLC. Error bars represent 1 SD of triplicate samples (ND, not detectable). (c) GC chromatograms of the DFRC lignin analysis in Col WT, fah1-2, and a representative of fah1-2-pAtC4H::SmF5H T2 transgenic plant. G/S, guaiacyl/syringyl lignin derivative; c/t: cis/trans; IS, internal standard.