Table 2. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in all prostate cancer patients and controls according to stage.

					95% confidence intervals
		n	P-valuea	Mean±s.d.	Lower bound	Upper bound
IL-6 (pg ml−1)	P. cancer	80	0.031 (vs controls)	5.65±6.74	4.15	7.15
	(all)_
	Localised	26	<0.001 (vs metastatic)	1.27±0.81	0.93	1.59
	Locally adv.	14	0.001 (vs metastatic)	3.50±2.88	1.82	5.16
	Metastatic	40	<0.001 (vs controls)	9.26±7.81	6.76	11.7
	Controls	12		1.13±0.63	0.73	1.53
	BPH	26		1.20±0.49	1.00	1.40
TNF-α(pg ml−1)	P. cancer	80	0.003 (vs controls)	4.30±3.69	3.47	5.12
	(all)_
	Localised	26	0.03 (vs metastatic)	1.38±0.69	1.10	1.66
	Locally adv.	14	0.02 (vs metastatic)	3.90±3.43	1.90	5.87
	Metastatic	40	<0.001 (vs controls)	6.34±3.66	5.16	7.51
	Controls	12		1.08±0.55	0.73	1.43
	BPH	26		1.21±0.65	0.94	1.47

^aMann–Whitney U test.