Fig. 1.

Schematic of the interactions between the human and environmental components of the land system (combining concepts from figure 21.5 in ref. 5 and figure 4 in ref. 3, with specifics for this analysis in italics), showing decision making and ecosystem services as the key linkages between the components (moderated by an effective system of local and scientific knowledge), and indicating how the rates of change and the way these linkages operate must be kept broadly in balance for functional coevolution of the components.