TABLE 3.

Controlled Trials of Evidence-Based Treatments for Ethnic Minority Youth

Supporting Studies	Participant Characteristics	Treatment Characteristics	Outcome Measure, Source, and Assessment Period	Target Outcomes and Effect Size	Study Type and Ethnic Minority Eligibility
Anxiety-related problems
Possibly Efficacious Treatments
Silverman et al., 1999	N = 56. Ages 6 to 16 years (M = 9.96). 61% male. 46% White, 46% Hispanic/Latino, 7% other ethnicity. CSP: Yes. DSM diagnosis of Social Phobia, OD, or GAD.	Randomly assigned to GCBT or WLC. Modality: Group Therapists: Professional therapists and graduate students Setting: University clinic Manual: Yes.	Anxiety: Self- and parent report of anxiety on RCMAS; self- and parent-report of fear on the FSSC-R. Self- and parent report of anxiety disorders from ADIS. Symptom Severity: Clinician rating of symptom severity from ADIS; Parent rating of symptom severity. Posttreatment assessment only.	For youth and caregiver RCMAS anxiety, and clinician and parent severity rating, GCBT led to greater symptom reduction than WLC. No treatment differences for self and parent report of fear on FSSC-R. ES: d = 1.09.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1 Task Force: Possibly Efficacious. Minority Condition: C (Ethnicity did not moderate outcomes).
Ginsburg & Drake, 2002	N = 12. Age 14–17 years (M = 15.6). 17% male. 100% African American. CSP: Yes. DSM-IV criteria for anxiety disorder.	Randomly assigned to CBT or ASC. Modality: Group Therapists: Graduate students Setting: School Manual: Yes.	Anxiety: CIR from Diagnostic interview w/youth via ADIS; Self-report on SCARED and SAS-A. Posttreatment assessment only.	CBT led to lower CIR and SCARED anxiety than ASC. No treatment differences for SAS-A anxiety. ES: d = .71.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (n < 12 per condition) Task Force: Possibly Efficacious Minority Condition: A.
Wilson & Rotter, 1986	N = 54. 6th & 7th grade youth. 56% male. 89% Black, 11% White. CSP: No. Test anxiety score in upper third of students.	Randomly assigned to AMT, SST, M-AMT, AP, or NCC. Modality: Group Therapists: Not specified Setting: School Manual: Yes	Test Anxiety: Self-report on TASC. Posttreatment and follow-up (2 months) assessments	TASC Test Anxiety at posttreatment and follow-up: AMT, M-AMT, and SST more effective than AP and NCC. AMT, M-AMT, and SST did not differ from one another. AP and NCC did not differ from one another. Posttreatment ES:  d = 1.29 (amt vs. ap)  d = 1.44 (sst vs. ap)  d = 1.92 (m-amt vs. ap)  d = 1.02 (amt vs. ncc)  d = 1.20 (sst vs. ncc)  d = 1.73 (m-amt vs. ncc)  d = -.07 (amt vs. sst)  d = -.50 (amt vs. m-amt)  d = -.49 (sst vs. m-amt). Follow-up ES: Insufficient data for effect size.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (n < 12 per condition). Task Force: AMT, SST, & M-AMT Possibly Efficacious Minority Condition: A.
Depression
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Interpersonal Psychotherapy–Probably Efficacious and Possibly Efficacious
Rossello & Bernal, 1999	N = 71. Age 13–17 years (M = 14.7). 46% male. 100% from Puerto Rico. CSP: Yes. DSM diagnosis of depression, dysthymia, or both.	Randomly assigned to CBT, IPT, or WLC. Modality: Individual Therapists: Graduate students Setting: University clinic Manual: Yes.	Depression: Self-report on CDI. Posttreatment and follow-up (3-month) assessments	At posttreatment, CBT and IPT lower depression than WLC. CBT and IPT did not differ. At follow-up, CBT and IPT did not differ. Posttreatment ES:  d = .34 (cbt vs. wlc)  d = .74 (ipt vs. wlc);  d = −.34 (cbt vs. ipt) Follow-up ES:  d = .56 (cbt vs. ipt)	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1 Task Force: CBT Probably Efficacious & IPT Possibly Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Rossello, Bernal, & Rivera-Medina, in press	N = 112. Age 12–18 years (M = 14.5). 45% male. 100% from Puerto Rico. CSP: Yes. DSM diagnosis of major depression (66%); or clinically impaired with score of 13 or higher on the CDI (34%).	Randomly assigned to CBT-I, CBT-G, IPT-I, IPT-G. Groups combined to form one CBT condition and one IPT condition. Modality: Individual & Group Therapists: Graduate students Setting: University clinic. Manual: Yes.	Depression: Self-report on CDI. Posttreatment assessment only.	At posttreatment, CBT led to greater reductions in depression than IPT.  d = .36 (cbt vs. ipt)	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1 Task Force: CBT Probably Efficacious & IPT Possibly Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Conduct problems
Multisystemic Therapy–Probably Efficacious
Borduin et al., 1995	N = 176. Age 12–17 years (M = 14.8). 68% male. 70% White, 30% African American. CSP: Yes. Juvenile offenders with average of 4.2 prior arrests.	Randomly assigned to MST or IT. Modality: Family-based multicomponent Therapists: Graduate students Setting: Home & community Manual: Yes.	Arrest: Archival records. Follow-up (4-year) assessment only	MST youth arrested less often than IT youth. ES: d = 1.18	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (blind assessment unclear). Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: C (Ethnicity did not moderate outcomes).
Schaeffer & Borduin, 2005 (Long-term follow-up of Borduin et al., 1995)	N = 165. Ages 12 to 17 years (M = 13.7) (Average age at follow-up was 28.8 years). 69% male. 22% African American & 76% White. CSP: Yes. Juvenile offenders with average of 3.9 prior arrests.	Randomly assigned to MST or IT. Modality: Family-based multicomponent Therapists: Graduate students Setting: Home & community Manual: Yes.	Number of arrests, days sentenced to adult confinement, days sentenced to adult probation: Archival records. 13.7 year follow-up assessment only.	MST more effective than IT at reducing number of arrests, and days in adult confinement, and somewhat more effective at reducing days sentenced to adult probation. ES: d = .37.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (blind assessment unclear). Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: C (Ethnicity did not moderate outcomes).
Henggeler et al., 1992	N = 84. Average age 15.2 years. 77% male. 56% African American, 42% Caucasian, 2% Hispanic-American. CSP: Yes. Juvenile offenders with average of 3.5 prior arrests.	Randomly assigned to MST or US. Modality: Family-based multicomponent Therapists: Not stated Setting: Home & community Manual: Yes.	Delinquent Behavior: Self-report on SRDS. Arrest/Incarceration: Archival records. Posttreatment assessment (average 59 weeks for arrests/ incarceration) only	MST led to lower posttreatment delinquency, arrests, and incarceration than US. ES: d = .54	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (blind assessment unclear). Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: C (Ethnicity did not moderate outcomes).
Henggeler et al., 1997	N = 155. Ages 10.4 to 17.6 years (M = 15.2). 82% male. 81% African American, 19% Caucasian. CSP: Yes. Violent and chronic juvenile offenders.	Randomly assigned to MST or US. Modality: Family-based multicomponent. Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: Home & community Manual: Yes.	Delinquent Behavior: Self-report on SRDS. Arrest/Incarceration: Archival records. Posttreatment assessment (delinquent behavior) and 1.7 year follow-up (arrests and incarceration)	MST youth were incarcerated for fewer days than US youth. No treatment differences for SRDS delinquent behavior or number of arrests Posttreatment ES: d = .34. Follow-up ES: d = .28.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (blind assessment unclear) Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Henggeler et al., 2002 (4-year follow-up of Henggeler, Pickrel, et al., 1999)	N = 80. Average age of 15.7 years (at pre-treatment). 76% male. 60% African American, 40% White. CSP: Yes. Diagnosis with substance abuse or dependence disorder; juvenile offenders on formal or informal probation; average of 2.9 prior arrests.	Randomly assigned to MST or UCS Modality: Family-based multicomponent Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: Home & community Manual: Yes.	Aggressive crimes: Self-report on SRDS and archival records. Property crimes: Self-report on SRDS and archival records. Follow-up (4-year) assessment only	MST led to greater reductions in aggressive crimes based on self-report and archival data. No treatment differences in property crimes. (see below for drug use outcomes) ES: d = .24	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (blind assessment unclear) Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: C (Ethnicity did not moderate outcomes).
Coping Power–Probably Efficacious and Possibly Efficacious
Lochman & Wells, 2004	N = 183. 5th and 6th grade youth. 100% male. 61% African American, 38% White, 1% other. CSP: No. TRF T-score at least 60; rating in top 22% in aggression & disruptiveness.	Randomly assigned to Coping Power with child only (CI), Coping Power with child + parent (CPI), or control (C – services as usual within school) Modality: Group and parent Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: School Manual: Yes.	Overt and covert delinquency: self-report on delinquency section of NYS. Behavioral improvement at school: teacher rating on two items. Follow-up (1-year) assessment only	CPI superior to C at reducing covert delinquency. CI and C did not differ. No treatment effects for overt delinquency. CPI and CI superior to C at improving school behavior. ES: d = .24 (CPI vs. C)  d = .14 (CI vs. C)  d = .12 (CPI vs. CI)	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1. Task Force: CPI Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: C (Ethnicity did not moderate outcome for covert delinquency; however, for White but not African American youth, CPI & CI led to greater school behavior improvement than C).
Lochman & Wells, 2003 [1 year follow-up from Lochman & Wells, 2002b]	N = 213. Fifth grade youth. 60% male. Percentage African American by condition: 75% CPCL; 78% CP; 78% CL; 81% C; Two were Hispanic and remainder Caucasian. CSP: No. 31% most aggressive and disruptive youth based on teacher ratings.	Randomly assigned to CPCL, CP, CL, C. Modality: Group and parent (for CP) Therapists: Professional therapists. Setting: School, community centers, and “research offices” Manual: Yes	Delinquency: Self-report of delinquency using items from NYS. Aggression: Teacher ratings on aggression scale of TOCA-R. Follow-up (1 year) assessment only	CPCL and CP led to lower delinquency than C. CL and C did not differ. CPCL and CP did not differ. CPCL led to lower school aggression than C. CP and CL did not differ from C. CPCL and CP did not differ. ES: d = .24 (cpcl vs. c)  d = .31 (cp vs. c)  d = .16 (cl vs. c)  d = −.07 (cpcl vs. cp)  d = .09 (cpcl vs. cl)  d = .16 (cp vs. cl)	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1. Task Force: CP Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: A & C (Ethnicity did not moderate the effects of treatment on delinquency or aggression).
Lochman et al., 1993	N = 52. 4th grade children. 52% male. 100% African American. CSP: No. Aggressive and/or rejected based on peer nominations (1 standard deviation above mean)	Aggressive-rejected and rejected only youth randomly assigned to Social Relations Training or No Treatment Control. Thus 4 conditions: ARI, RI, ARC, and RC. Modality: Individual & group Therapists: Mixed–Professional therapists & graduate students Setting: School Manual: Not specified	Aggressive Behavior: Teacher rating of aggressive behavior on TBC; Aggression from peer nomination ratings. Peer Rejection: Teacher rating of rejection by peers on TBC; Social acceptance and social preference from peer nomination ratings. Posttreatment and 1-year follow-up assessments.	At posttreatment, ARI showed lower teacher-rated aggression, lower teacher-rated rejection, and more positive peer-rated social acceptance than ARC. Also, ARI showed somewhat lower peer-rated aggression than ARC. RI and RC did not differ. At follow-up, ARI showed lower teacher-rated aggression than ARC. No other significant effects. Insufficient data for effect size.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (blind assessment unclear). Task Force: Possibly Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Brief Strategic Family Therapy–Probably Efficacious
Santisteban, Coatsworth, et al., 2003	N = 126. Ages 12 to 18 years (M = 15.6). 75% male. 100% Hispanic (51% Cuban, 14% Nicaraguan, 10% Colombian, 6% Puerto Rican, 3% Peruvian, 2% Mexican, 14% other Hispanic). CSP: Yes. Referred to clinic by self or others; 94% scored in clinical range on RBPC.	Randomly assigned to BFST or GC. Modality: Family Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: Not specified Manual: Yes.	Behavior Problems: Self-report of conduct disorder on RBPC; self-report of socialized aggression on RBPC Posttreatment assessment only	For conduct disorder and socialized aggression, BFST led to greater symptom reduction. ES: d = .26	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1 Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Szapocznik, Santisteban, et al., 1989	N = 79. Ages 6 to 12 years (M = 9.44). 71% male. 100% Hispanic (76% Cuban). CSP: Yes. Referred to clinic for child with behavioral (77%) or psychological (23%) problem.	Randomly assigned to FET (a form of BSFT) or MCC. Modality: Family Therapists: Professional therapists. Setting: Not specified. Manual: Yes.	Conduct problems, “personality problems,” “inadequacy-immaturity,” and socialized delinquency: Mother report on BPC. Posttreatment assessment only.	FET led to greater reductions in conduct problems, “personality problems,” and “inadequacy-immaturity.” No treatment effect on socialized delinquency. Insufficient data for effect size.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1. Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Other Probably Efficacious Treatments
Block, 1978	N = 40. Average age 16.1 years. 48% male. Ethnicity described as “Black and Hispanic.” CSP: Yes. Office referrals and “Dean's cards” for disruptive classroom behavior.	Randomly assigned to REE, HRT, or C Modality: Group Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: School Manual: Yes.	Disruptive behavior: Teacher ratings based on standardized observations. Class cuts: archival records. Posttreatment and follow-up (4-month) assessment.	REE led to greater improvement (i.e., reductions in disruptive behavior and class cutting) than HRT and C, at posttreatment and follow-up. Posttreatment ES: d = 3.57 (ree vs. c)  d = .04 (hrt vs. c)  d = 3.90 (ree vs. hrt) Follow-up ES: d = 3.98 (ree vs. c)  d = −.28 (hrt vs. c)  d = 4.05 (ree vs. hrt)	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (blind assessment unclear). Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Garza & Bratton, 2005	N = 29. Ages 5 to 11 years. 57% male. 100% Mexican-American. CSP: Yes. School counseling referral by parents and teachers for behavior problems and scored in “at-risk” or “clinically significant” range on Behavior Assessment Scale.	Randomly assigned to CCPT or SGC. Modality: Individual Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: School Manual: Yes.	Externalizing Problems: parent and teacher ratings of externalizing behavior problems on the BASC.	CCPT led to greater reduction in parent-rated externalizing problems than SGC. No treatment effects for teacher-rated externalizing problems. ES: d = .25	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (blind assessment unclear). Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: A
Hudley & Graham, 1993	N = 72. Mean age 10.5 years. 100% male. 100% African American. CSP: No. Above median teacher ratings of aggression, positive peer aggression ratings, and negative peer preference.	Randomly assigned to AI, AT, or C. Modality: Group Therapists: Teachers Setting: School Manual: Yes.	Aggression: Teacher rating on aggression and reactive aggression scales of Coie Teacher Checklist. Office referrals for disciplinary action: School archives Posttreatment assessment only.	AI youth showed greater reductions in aggression and reactive aggression than AT or C youth. No treatment effect for office referrals. Insufficient data for effect size.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1 Task Force: Probably Efficacious Minority Condition: A.
Snyder et al., 1999	N = 50. Described as “adolescents.” 56% male. 2% Asian, 50% African American, 22% White, 16% Hispanic, & 10% Mixed Ethnicity. CSP: Yes. Admitted to psychiatric hospital. Score of 75% or higher on Anger scale of STAXI. Angry thoughts/ feelings, disruptive behavior, or dyscontrol of anger.	Randomly assigned to AMGT or PV. Modality: Group Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: Hospital Manual: Yes	Antisocial behavior: teacher rating on Antisocial Behavior scale of the SSBS & nurse rating on Antisocial Behavior scale of the HCSBS. Posttreatment assessment only.	AMGT youth showed less teacher- and nurse-rated antisocial behavior than PV youth. ES: d = .58.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1. Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Possibly Efficacious Treatments
De Anda, 1985	N = 35. 7th and 8th grade youth. 100% female. Ethnicity described as “Black and Hispanic.” CSP: Yes. High tardiness rates and 4 or more referrals to counselor or vice-principal's office.	Randomly assigned to SPS or NPS. Modality: Group Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: School Manual: Yes.	Grades in cooperation, grades in work habits, tardiness, and referral to counselor or vice-principal: Apparently derived from school records. Posttreatment assessment only.	SPS led to fewer referrals to counselors or vice-principal than NPS. No treatment effects for cooperation, work habits, or tardiness. ES: d = .48	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (validity/reliability of archival data and blind assessment unclear). Task Force: Possibly Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Forman, 1980	N = 18. Ages 8 to 11 years. 78% male. 89% Black, 11% White. CSP: Yes. Referrals made to school psychologist for aggressive behavior.	Randomly assigned to CR, RC, or PC. Modality: Group Therapists: Graduate students Setting: School Manual: Not specified	Aggressive behavior: teacher records of aggressive behavior Problem behavior in classroom: teacher ratings on Classroom Disturbance and Disrespect-Defiance subscales of DESBRS; inappropriate behaviors and inappropriate interactions from SCAN observational coding system. Posttreatment assessment only.	CR superior to PC at decreasing inappropriate interactions. CR and RC did not differ significantly from each other; neither did RC and PC. RC superior to CR and PC at decreasing teacher-rated aggression. CR and PC did not differ. RC superior to PC at decreasing classroom disturbance. Neither RC and CR, nor CR and PC differed significantly. Insufficient data for effect size.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (n < 12 per condition; blind assessment unclear). Task Force: Possibly Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Stuart et al., 1976	N = 102. 6th–10th grade. 67% male. 34% Black, 66% White. CSP: Yes. Youth referred for counseling services by counselors and school principals.	Randomly assigned to BC or WLC. Modality: Parent and teacher Therapists: Not specified Setting: Not specified Manual: Not specified.	School grades & days absent: based on “teachers, referral agents, and parents.” School behavior problems: Ratings by teacher, counselor/assistant principal, mother, and father on unspecified scale. Home behavior: Ratings by mother and father on unspecified scale. Post treatment assessment only	For counselor/vice-principal-, teacher-, father-, and mother-rated school behavior, BC more effective than WLC. No treatment differences in father- or mother-rated home behavior. Insufficient data for effect size.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (validity/reliability of measures and blind assessment unclear). Task Force: Possibly Efficacious Minority Condition: B (For Black youth, BC superior to WLC for grades, counselor- and teacher-rated school behavior, and mother-rated home behavior. For White youth, BT superior to WLC for father-rated school behavior).
W. C. Huey & Rank, 1984	N = 48. 8th- and 9th- grade youth. 100% male. 100% Black. CSP: Yes. Referred by teachers to school administrator for chronic classroom disruption.	Randomly assigned to CAT, PAT, CDG, PDG, C Modality: Group Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: School Manual: Yes.	Aggression: Teacher rating on Acting-Out subscale of the WPBIC. Posttreatment assessment only	CAT youth showed less classroom aggression than CDG, PDG, and C. PAT youth showed less classroom aggression than CDG and C, but did not differ from PDG. CAT and PAT did not differ from one another. ES: d = 1.17 (cat vs. cdg)  d = 1.32 (cat vs. c)  d = 1.17 (pat vs. pdg)  d = 1.12 (pat vs. c)  d = .20 (cat vs. pat)	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (n < 12 per condition; blind assessment unclear). Task Force: CAT and PAT Possibly Efficacious Minority Condition: A.
Substance use problems
Multidimensional Family Therapy–Probably Efficacious
Liddle et al., 2004	N = 80. Ages 11–15 years (M = 13.73). 73% male. 42% Hispanic, 38% African American, 11% Haitian or Jamaican, 3% non-Hispanic White, 4% other ethnicity. CSP: Yes. Referred for outpatient treatment for substance use problem.	Randomly assigned to MDFT or PGT. Modality: Family-based multicomponent Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: Community clinic Manual: Yes.	Marijuana Use: Youth self-report using TLFB. Posttreatment assessment only	MDFT led to greater decrease in cannabis use than PGT. ES: d = 1.27	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1. Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Possibly Efficacious Treatment
Henggeler, Pickrel, et al., 1999	N = 118. Ages 12–17 years (M = 15.7). 79% male. 50% African American, 47% Caucasian, 1% Asian, 1% Hispanic, 1% Native American. CSP: Yes. Diagnosis with substance abuse or dependence disorder; juvenile offenders on formal or informal probation; average of 2.9 prior arrests.	Randomly assigned to MST or UCS. On average, UCS youth received only minimal mental health or substance abuse services. Modality: Family-based multicomponent Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: Home & community Manual: Yes.	Drug Use: Self-report of alcohol/marijuana use and “other” drug use on PEI; marijuana and cocaine use from urine screen. Posttreatment and follow-up (6-month) assessment	At posttreatment, MST led to greater reductions in self-report of alcohol/marijuana and “other” drug use than UCS. No treatment effects for PEI alcohol/marijuana or “other” drug use at follow-up. No treatment effects for urine screen marijuana or cocaine use at posttreatment or follow-up. Posttreatment ES: d = −.12 Follow-up ES: d = −.12	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (blind assessment unclear) Task Force: Possibly Efficacious Minority Condition: C (Ethnicity did not moderate outcomes).
Henggeler et al. 2002 [4-year follow-up of Henggeler, Pickrel, et al., 1999]	N = 80. Average age of 15.7 years (at pretreatment). 76% male. 60% African American, 40% White. CSP: Yes. Diagnosis with substance abuse or dependence disorder; juvenile offenders on formal or informal probation; average of 2.9 prior arrests.	Randomly assigned to MST or UCS Modality: Family-based multicomponent Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: Home & community Manual: Yes.	Drug use: Self-report of marijuana and cocaine use based on composite of items from YAS, ASI, and YRBS; marijuana and cocaine use based on biological indicators (urine and hair samples). Follow-up (4-year) assessment only	MST youth showed greater marijuana abstinence than UCS based on biological indicators. No differences in marijuana use based on self-report. No differences in cocaine use based on self-report or biological indicators. (see above for delinquency outcomes) ES: d = .28	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (blind assessment unclear) Task Force: Possibly Efficacious. Minority Condition: C (Ethnicity did not moderate outcomes).
Trauma-related problems
Resilient Peer Treatment–Possibly Efficacious
Fantuzzo et al., 1996	N = 46 (22 abused or neglected). Ages 3.8 to 5.1 years (M = 4.46). 41% male. 100% African American. CSP: No. Socially withdrawn relative to classmates, based on teacher ratings and classroom observation.	Maltreated and nonmaltreated youth randomly assigned to RPT or AC. Modality: Peer pairing Therapists: High functioning peers, & parent “play supports” Setting: School Manual: Not specified	Interactive play, social attention, solitary play, and nonplay: IPPOCS coding system. Self-control, interpersonal skill, & verbal assertiveness: teacher rating on SSRS Posttreatment assessment only	RPT youth showed more interactive play, less solitary play, greater self-control, and higher interpersonal skills than AC youth. No treatment differences on social attention, nonplay, or verbal assertion. ES: d = .81	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1 Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Fantuzzo et al., 2005	N = 82 (37 maltreated). Average age of 4.35 years. 50% male. 100% African American. CSP: No. Youth “socially withdrawn” relative to classmates, based on teacher ratings and classroom observation.	Maltreated and nonmaltreated youth randomly assigned to RPT or AC. Modality: Peer pairing Therapists: High functioning peers & parent “play supports” Setting: School Manual: Not specified	Collaborative play, associative play, social attention, & solitary play during: “Play Corner” and “Free-Play” observations IPPOCS coding system. Play interaction, play disruption, & play disconnection: teacher rating on PIPPS. Self-control, interpersonal skills, & verbal assertiveness: teacher rating on SSRS Posttreatment assessment only	For Play Corner observations, RPT youth showed more collaborative play and less solitary play than AC youth. No treatment differences for associative play or social attention. For Free-Play observations, RPT youth showed more collaborative play and less solitary play than AC youth. No treatment differences for associative play or social attention. For teacher ratings, RPT youth show more play interaction, less play disruption, less play disconnection, more self-control, and more interpersonal skills than AC youth. No treatment differences for verbal assertion. ES: d = .49	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1. Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy–Probably Efficacious
Cohen et al., 2004	N = 203. Ages 8–14 years (M = 10.76). 21% male. 60% White, 28% African American, 4% Hispanic American, 7% Biracial, 1% Other. CSP: Yes. Clinic-referral; 89% met full criteria for PTSD.	Randomly assigned to TF-CBT or CCT. Modality: Parent, youth, & joint Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: University clinics Manual: Yes.	PTSD: Reexperiencing, avoidance, and hypervigilance symptoms from K-SADS diagnostic interview. Posttreatment assessment only	TF-CBT led to fewer PTSD reexperiencing, avoidance, and hypervigilance symptoms. ES: d = .53	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1. Task Force: Probably Efficacious Minority Condition: C (Ethnicity [ethnic minority vs. non-minority] did not moderate treatment effects).
Possibly Efficacious Treatments
Clark et al., 1998	N = 131. Ages 7–15 years. 60% male. 62% Caucasian, 34% African American, 2% Hispanic, 2% biracial. CSP: Yes. Abused/neglected youth in state custody experiencing emotional and behavioral disturbances defined by screen.	Randomly assigned to FIAP or SP. Modality: Family-based multicomponent Therapists: Professional therapists. Setting: Therapists served youth “across all settings” Manual: Not Specified.	Placement outcomes: Time in permanency setting (e.g., with parents, adoptive home), number or runaways, and days incarcerated obtained through archival records. School outcomes: Days absent from school, percentage days suspended, and school-to-school movement obtained through archival records Behavior problems: Externalizing, internalizing, and total problem behaviors obtained through self-report on YSR and caregiver report on CBCL. Posttreatment (average of 3.5 years post-study entry) assessment only	FIAP more successful than SP at increasing time in permanency setting, reducing runaway behavior and days incarcerated. No treatment effects on school placement outcomes. Compared with SP, fewer FIAP youth were in the externalizing behavior clinical range at posttreatment. No treatment differences for internalizing or total behavior problems Insufficient data for effect size.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1. Task Force: Possibly Efficacious Minority Condition: C (Treatment outcomes were not moderated by ethnicity [ethnic minority {89% African American} vs. Caucasian]).
Stein et al., 2004	N = 106. Approximately 80% born in U.S. to Mexican immigrants. For Experimental: Average age of 11.0 years. 67% male. For Control: Average age of 10.9 years. 62% male. CSP: Yes. Exposure to violence and PTSD symptoms in the clinical range.	Randomly assigned to CBITS or WLC. Modality: Group Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: School Manual: Yes.	PTSD symptoms: self-report on CPSS Posttreatment assessment only	CBITS youth showed greater reductions in PTSD symptoms than WLC youth Insufficient data for effect size.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1. Task Force: Possibly Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Mixed/co-morbid clinical problems
Multisystemic Therapy–Probably Efficaious
Rowland et al., 2005	N = 31. Average age of 14.5 years. 58% male. 84% multiracial (combinations of Asian, Caucasian, & Pacific Islander), 10% Caucasian, 7% Asian/Pacific Islander. CSP: Yes. Clinic-referred; 94% DSM diagnosis; out-of-home placement imminent.	Randomly assigned to MST or US. Modality: Family-based multicomponent Therapists: Professional therapists Setting: Home & community Manual: Yes.	Externalizing problems: CBCL caregiver report; CBCL youth report. Internalizing problems: CBCL caregiver report; CBCL youth report. Danger to self/others: YRBS self-report. Drug use: PEI self-report. Delinquency: SRDS self-report minor delinquency; SRDS self-report Index offenses. Number of arrests, days in school setting, & out-of-home placement: Archival records. Posttreatment assessment (6 months after referral) only	MST led to greater reductions in youth CBCL externalizing and internalizing problems, SRDS minor delinquency, and days in out-of-home placement. No treatment differences in caregiver CBCL externalizing & internalizing problems, dangerousness to self/others, drug use, SRDS index offenses, number of arrests, and days in school. ES: d = .10	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1. Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: A.
Possibly Efficacious Treatment
Weiss et al., 2003	N = 93. Average age of 9.7 years. 63% male. 56% African American, 38% Caucasian. CSP: Yes. From TRF, 50% in clinical range for internalizing problems & 56% for externalizing problems. Also, youth 1 standard deviation above mean or higher on composite behavior problem rating.	Classrooms randomly assigned to RECAP (Reaching Educators, Children and Parents) intervention or C. Modality: Multicomponent Therapists: Professional therapists, nurses, & graduate students Setting: School Manual: Yes.	Externalizing & Internalizing Behavior Problems: Caregiver report on CBCL; teacher report on TRF; peer report on PMIEB; youth self-report on YSR. Posttreatment (9 months after baseline) and follow-up (1 year after posttreatment) assessment	For teacher-, self-, and parent-reports of internalizing problems and for peer- and self-reports of externalizing problems, RECAP led to greater symptom reduction than C from pre-treatment to 1-year follow-up. Posttreatment ES: d = .10 Follow-up ES: d = .43	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (blind assessment unclear) Task Force: Possibly Efficacious. Minority Condition: C (Ethnicity did not moderate outcomes).
Other clinical problems
Combined Behavioral Treatment and Medication–Probably Efficacious
Arnold et al., 2003 [Also MTA Cooperative Group, 1999; Swanson et al., 2001]	N = 579. Ages 7 to 9 years. 80% male. 61% Caucasian, 20% African American, 8% Latino, 11% other. CSP: Yes. Diagnosed with ADHD (combined type).	Randomly assigned to MM, Beh, Comb, or CC. Modality: Multicomponent Therapists: Mixed professional and paraprofessional treatment providers. Setting: Multiple. Manual: Yes.	ADHD and ODD symptoms: parent and teacher ratings on SNAP-IV. Overall disruptive behavior: Composite of ADHD and ODD symptoms. Posttreatment (14-months post entry) assessment only	For parent- and teacher-rated ADHD symptoms, no difference between MM and Comb, and both superior to Beh and CC (MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). For overall disruptive behavior, Comb superior to MM (Swanson et al., 2001). Insufficient data for effect size.	Nathan & Gorman: Type 1. Task Force: Probably Efficacious. Minority Condition: C (Superiority of Beh over CC in reducing parent-rated ODD greater for African American than Caucasian youth. Efficacy of Comb over MM in reducing parent-rated ODD greater for Latinos than Caucasians. For overall disruptive behavior, Comb more successful than MM for combined minorities, but not for Caucasians).
Possibly Efficacious Treatment
Huey et al., 2004	N = 156. Average age 12.9 years. 65% male. 65% African American, 33% European American, 1% other ethnicity. CSP: Yes. Referred for emergency psychiatric hospitalization.	Randomly assigned to MST or EH. Modality: Multicomponent Therapists: Professional therapists (see Henggeler, Rowland, et al., 1999) Setting: Home & community  Manual: Yes.	Attempted Suicide: Self-report on item from the YRBS; caregiver report on item from the CBCL. Suicidal Ideation: self-report on items from the BSI and YRBS. Posttreatment and follow-up (1-year) assessments	MST more successful than EH at reducing YRBS attempted suicide from pre-treatment to follow-up. No treatment effects for CBCL attempted suicide, or BSI or YRBS suicidal ideation. Posttreatment ES: d= −.01  Follow-up ES: d = .21	Nathan & Gorman: Type 2 (validity/reliability of most suicidality items and blind assessment unclear) Task Force: Possibly Efficacious. Minority Condition: C (For African American but not European American youth, MST led to faster recovery [CBCL attempted suicide] than hospitalization).

Note: AC = Attention Control; ADHD = Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ADIS = Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV; ADIS ASI = Addiction Severity Index; AI = attributional intervention; AMGT = anger management group training; AMT = anxiety management training; AP = attention-placebo; ARC = aggressive-rejected control; ARI = aggressive-rejected intervention; ASC = Attention-Support Control; AT = Attention Training; BASC = Behavior Assessment System for Children; BC = behavioral contracting; Beh = multicomponent behavioral treatment; BPC = Behavior Problem Checklist; BSFT = Brief Strategic Family Therapy; CAT = counselor-led assertive training; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; CBITS = cognitive-behavioral intervention for trauma in schools; CBT = Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; CBT-G = CBT-Group; CBT-I = CBT-Individual; CC = community comparison; CCPT = Child-Centered Play Therapy; CCT = Child-Centered Therapy; CDG = counselor-led discussion group; CDI = Children's Depression Inventory; CI = Coping Power with child only; CIR = Clinician's Impairment Rating Scale; CL = universal classroom only; C = no-treatment control; Comb = combined medication and behavioral treatment; CPCL = Coping Power + universal classroom treatment; CP = Coping Power only; CPI = Coping Power with child + parent; CPSS = Child PTSD Symptom Scale; CR = cognitive restructuring; CSP = Clinically-Significant Problem; DESBRS = Devereaux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. American Psychiatric Association, 1994); EH = Emergency Psychiatric Hospitalization; ES = Effect Size; FET = Family Effectiveness Therapy; FIAP = Fostering Individualized Assistance Program; FSSC-R = Fear Survey Schedule for Children, Revised; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorders; GBCT = Group Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment; GC = group treatment control; HCSBS = Home and Community Social Behavior Scales; HRT = human relations training; IPPOCS = Interactive Peer Play Observational Coding System; IPT-G = IPT-Group; IPT-I = IPT-Individual; IPT = Interpersonal Psychotherapy; IT = individual therapy; K-SADS = Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children; M-AMT = modified anxiety management training; MCC = minimum contact control; MDFT = multidimensional family therapy; MM = medication management; MST = multisystemic therapy; NCC = no-contact control; NPS = nonstructured problem-solving; NYS = National Youth Survey; OD = Overanxious Disorder; ODD = Oppositional Defiant Disorder; PAT = peer-led assertive training; PC = placebo control; PDG = peer-led discussion group; PEI = Personal Experiences Inventory; PGT = peer group therapy; PIPPS = Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale; PMIEB = Peer-Report Measure of Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior; PTSD = Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome; PV = psychoeducational videotape condition; RBPC = Revised Behavior Problem Checklist; RCMAS = Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale; RC = rejected-only control; RC = response cost; REE = rational-emotive education; RI = rejected-only intervention; RPT = Resilient Peer Treatment; SAS-A = Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents; SCAN = Schedule for Classroom Activity Norms; SCARED = Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders; SGC = small-group counseling; SNAP-IV = Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Questionnaire; SPS = structured problem-solving; SP = standard practice foster care; SRDS = Self-Report Delinquency Scale; SSBS = School Social Behavior Scales; SSRS = Social Skills Rating System; SST = study skills training; STAXI = Stait-Trait Anger Expression Inventory; TASC = Test Anxiety Scale; TBC = Teacher Behavior Checklist; TF-CBT = Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy; TLFB = Timeline Follow-Back Method; TOCA-R = Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation–Revised; TRF = Teacher's Report Form; UCS = Usual Community Services; US = usual services; WLC = Waitlist Control; WPBIC = Walker Problem Behavior Identification Checklist; YAS = Young Adult Self-Report; YRBS = Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

^aClinically Significant Problem.