Table 3.
Mean joint moment, mean joint angle, and joint angular excursion of fore- and hindlimb joints
| Level | M̄j, m/s | P ≤ 0.05 | ϕ̄j,° | P ≤ 0.05 | ϕj,max − ϕj,min,° | P ≤ 0.05 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level | ||||||
| Forelimb joint | ||||||
| Elbow | 4.6 ± 0.3 | D | 151.4 ± 0.7 | U,D | 23.7 ± 0.5 | U |
| Wrist | 7.1 ± 0.3 | U,D | 177.0 ± 0.5 | U,D | 15.1 ± 0.5 | D |
| MCP | 7.0 ± 0.2 | U,D | 151.4 ± 0.6 | U,D | 24.9 ± 0.5 | U,D |
| Hindlimb joint | ||||||
| Hip | 6.8 ± 0.72 | U,D | 99.4 ± 1.1 | 16.8 ± 0.7 | U | |
| Knee | 0.73 ± 0.56 | U,D | 134.7 ± 1.3 | U | 19.0 ± 0.7 | D |
| Ankle | 7.7 ± 0.35 | U,D | 147.6 ± 0.8 | U | 26.9 ± 0.8 | U,D |
| MTP | 4.4 ± 0.20 | U,D | 156.2 ± 0.8 | 20.7 ± 0.7 | U,D | |
| Uphill | ||||||
| Forelimb joint | ||||||
| Elbow | 5.5 ± 0.7 | D | 146.7 ± 2.0 | L | 31.3 ± 1.5 | L,D |
| Wrist | 5.3 ± 0.4 | L,D | 180.2 ± 0.9 | L,D | 17.5 ± 0.9 | D |
| MCP | 5.0 ± 0.3 | L,D | 160.5 ± 0.6 | L | 20.9 ± 1.4 | L |
| Hindlimb joint | ||||||
| Hip | 15.0 ± 1.2 | L,D | 102.8 ± 1.2 | D | 22.1 ± 1.5 | L,D |
| Knee | 33.8 ± 0.70 | L,D | 124.4 ± 1.8 | L,D | 19.5 ± 1.3 | D |
| Ankle | 12.1 ± 0.95 | L,D | 138.9 ± 2.6 | L | 42.2 ± 2.4 | L,D |
| MTP | 7.2 ± 0.50 | L,D | 154.1 ± 0.8 | 26.1 ± 1.8 | L,D | |
| Downhill | ||||||
| Forelimb joint | ||||||
| Elbow | 0.8 ± 0.7 | L,U | 142.9 ± 1.5 | L | 26.2 ± 1.5 | U |
| Wrist | 3.7 ± 0.3 | L,U | 173.8 ± 0.6 | L,U | 35.0 ± 2.5 | L,U |
| MCP | 2.8 ± 0.3 | L,U | 162.4 ± 1.5 | L | 19.2 ± 2.0 | L |
| Hindlimb joint | ||||||
| Hip | 30.6 ± 0.71 | L,U | 98.2 ± 1.0 | U | 13.9 ± 1.3 | U |
| Knee | 4.1 ± 0.44 | L,U | 131.6 ± 2.1 | U | 37.6 ± 2.8 | L,U |
| Ankle | 3.2 ± 0.43 | L,U | 142.0 ± 32.6 | 31.8 ± 1.8 | L,U | |
| MTP | 2.0 ± 0.24 | L,U | 157.1 ± 0.7 | 14.1 ± 0.7 | L,U | |
M̄j, mean joint moment; ϕ¯j, mean joint angle; ϕj,max, maximum ϕj; ϕj,min, minimum ϕj; ϕj,max − ϕj,min, joint angular excursion. L, U, and D indicate significant difference from level, uphill, and downhill parameters, respectively.