Table 1.
Anxiety-like behavior, general health, reflexes, reactivity, nociception, strength, and motor ability of offspring of WT mothers (VIP +/+) mated with VIP +/− males, and VIP deficient mothers (VIP +/−) mated with VIP +/− males.
| WT mother | VIP deficient mother | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genotype of offspring | VIP +/+ (n=23) |
VIP +/− (n=20) |
VIP +/+ (n=23) |
VIP+/− (n=30) |
VIP−/− (n=23) |
| Elevated plus maze – anxiety-like behavior | |||||
| Open entries | 7.1±0.5 | 7.7±1.4 | 6.9±0.7 | 6.9±0.5 | 7.8±0.6 |
| Closed entries | 7.4±0.6 | 6.6±0.9 | 9.4±0.9 | 7.1±0.6 | 6.9±0.7 |
| Open time (seconds) | 114±10 | 113±14 | 105±12 | 115±9.3 | 112±14 |
| Closed time (seconds) | 122±9 | 140±12 | 129±11 | 112±7 | 107±10 |
| General Health | |||||
| Weight (g)(7-9 months) males | 32.7±1.3 | 32.0±1.4 | 32.8±1.8 | 34.1±1.0 | 31.7±0.9 |
| females | 24.9±0.8 | 25.3±0.7 | 25.8±0.9 | 25.9±0.5 | 24.1±0.3 |
| Fur condition (3 point scale) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Piloerection (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Missing whiskers (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Bald patches (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Body tone (3 point scale) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Limb tone (3 point scale) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Physical abnormalities (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Reflexes | |||||
| Trunk curl (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Forepaw reaching (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Righting (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Corneal (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Pinna (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Vibrissae (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Toe pinch (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Acoustic startle amplitude (120dB) |
391.9±51.7 | 341.9±55.2 | 416.1±38.5 | 427.6±37.4 | 481.7±40.4 |
| Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle (% normal) |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
| Behavioral reactivity | |||||
| Vocalizations (%) | 12 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Struggle (%) | 100 | 80 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Petting escape (%) | 90 | 90 | 100 | 93 | 100 |
| Empty cage behavior | |||||
| Transfer freezing (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wild running (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Circling stereotypy (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Exploration (3 point scale) | 2.0±0.1 | 2.1±0.1 | 2.0 | 1.9±0.05 | 2.0±0.04 |
| Grooming (3 point scale) | 2.4±0.2 | 2.1±0.3 | 0.0* | 0.1±0.05* | 0.1±0.1* |
| Nociception | |||||
| Tail flick (seconds) | 2.2±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.3±0.2 | 2.3±0.1 | 2.5±0.1 |
| Hot plate (seconds) | 9.6±0.3 | 9.1±0.3 | 8.8±0.5 | 9.4±0.3 | 8.6±0.6 |
| Motor and strength abilities | |||||
| Open Field (5 min) (beam breaks) |
844.6±31.7 | 935.6±46.7 | 1161.0±53.4* | 1241.2±52.6* | 1184.3±46.9* |
| Positional passivity (%) | 23 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wire hang (seconds) males | 42.7±4.2 | 42.1±6.5 | 45.6±8.3 | 53.4±2.7 | 34.6±10.6 |
| females | 51.4±3.5 | 46.7±5.1 | 55.2±4.7 | 55.8±4.1 | 50.9±6.3 |
| Rotarod (seconds) males | 157.8±11.4 | 132.5±18.7 | 137.7±19.9 | 119.8±13.2 | 106.1±18.5* |
| females | 165.8±11.8 | 159.0±19.5 | 186.5±12.3 | 177.2±12.1 | 148.1±16.8 |