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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 May 15.
Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Mar 18;44(10):1787–1794. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.005

Table 1.

Protein Source of Modification PTM Proposed Consequence Reference
α-synuclein
unknown kinase Phosphorylated ser129 Promotes α-syn fibrils [53–55]
Lewy bodies/nitrating agents/MPTP Several 3NTs Stable α-syn oligomers [13, 45–47]
peroxynitrite Tyr125 3NTs α-syn dimerization [48]
peroxynitrite Tyr39 3NTs Decreased vesicle binding [49]
dopamine Dopamine adduct formation Stabilizes α-syn protofirils/inhibits degradation of proteins by CMA [56, 57]
rotenone Aminotyrosine at Tyr133 and Tyr136 Unknown [50]
α-synuclein overexpression Met127 sulfone formation Prevents fibril formation [52]
MPTP Nitration Immune response [51]
parkin
overexpression of mutant parkin Increased lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and 3NTs in total protein Decreased GSH, increased oxidative stress [60]
parkin −/− mice Increased HNE adducts and carbonyl levels Decreased antioxidant capacity [61]
dopamine Dopamine adduct formation Decreased parkin ligase activity [33]
MPTP S-nitrosylation Decreased parkin ligase activity [62]
DJ-1
DJ-1 expression decreased Oxidation Cell death, oxidative stress [66]
Hydroperoxides/H2O2 Cys46, Cys53 and Cys106 oxidized to sulfonic acid Acidification of DJ-1, oxidative stress, DJ-1 cleavage [70, 71, 65]
PD brain tissues Cys53 sulfonic acid, increased carbonyl levels on several isoforms of DJ-1 Acidification of DJ-1, oxidative stress [67]
MPTP Met133 sulfone, Cys106 sulfinic acid Acidification of DJ-1, oxidativestress [72, 73]
S-nitrosylation S-nitrosylation of Cys46 and Cys53 Decreased homodimer DJ-1 formation [74]
PINK1
G302D-PINK1 mutant Increased lipid peroxidation Decreased complex I activity, Increased SOD and GSH levels [75]
PINK1 kinase activity Phosphorylation of Trap1 Prevention of cytochrome-c release and apoptosis [77]
mitochondrial complex I
GSH depletion Elevated cysteine oxidation, Decreased sulfhydryls, mitochondrial HNE adducts, and S-nitrosylation levels increased Complex I activity inhibited [82, 85, 86, 88, 89]
Peroxynitrite Complex I subunit oxidation (several 3NTs) Complex I activity inhibited [87]
PD brain, frontal cortex Increased carbonyl levels particularly in dopaminergic areas Complex I activity inhibited [90]
Rotenone Increased carbonyl levels in dopaminergic areas of brain Oxidative stress [91]
proteasome
HNE HNE adduct formation Proteasome Inhibition [94, 95]
Lactacystin or epoxomicin Increased carbonyl, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage Oxidative stress [98]
tyrosine hydroxylase
Peroxynitrite or MPTP Tyr423 (3NT) TH activity inhibited [99, 100]
Peroxynitrite Cysteine oxidation TH activity inhibited [101, 102]