Table 3.

Relation between free choline concentrations and selected intelligence quotient (IQ) and subscale scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Revised at age 5, adjusted¹

	Full Scale IQ		Verbal IQ		Performance IQ		Block Design subtest		Information subtest
	Parameter estimate	P	Parameter estimate	P	Parameter estimate	P	Parameter estimate	P	Parameter estimate	P
16–18 wk gestation (n = 322)
Free choline (z score)	−0.12	0.85	−0.42	0.50	0.42	0.54	0.19	0.17	−0.16	0.25
Maternal PPVT-R score	0.16	0.0005	0.15	0.001	0.16	0.002	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.003
HSQ score	0.25	0.01	0.16	0.11	0.21	0.07	0.02	0.32	0.07	0.004
Maternal education	0.89	0.03	0.76	0.07	0.98	0.03	0.14	0.12	0.21	0.02
Female (child)	4.37	0.0005	5.20	<0.0001	2.36	0.09	0.44	0.10	1.21	<0.0001
Black	−5.64	0.001	−6.08	0.0005	−4.09	0.04	−0.05	0.89	−1.14	0.003
24–26 wk gestation
Free choline (z score)	−0.27	0.66	−0.30	0.62	0.18	0.79	0.20	0.15	−0.15	0.26
Maternal PPVT-R score	0.19	<0.0001	0.18	<0.0001	0.19	0.0001	0.03	0.006	0.04	<0.0001
HSQ score	0.27	0.007	0.17	0.08	0.26	0.03	0.03	0.11	0.06	0.004
Female (child)	3.38	0.006	4.61	0.0001	1.09	0.43	0.16	0.55	1.14	<0.0001
Black	−4.08	0.006	−4.39	0.002	−2.62	0.12	0.13	0.69	−0.72	0.02
30–32 wk gestation
Free choline (z score)	−0.37	0.56	−0.68	0.28	0.15	0.84	0.05	0.74	−0.16	0.28
Maternal PPVT-R score	0.20	<0.0001	0.18	<0.0001	0.17	0.001	0.02	0.01	0.04	<0.0001
Maternal education	0.90	0.02	0.65	0.10	0.03	0.03	0.14	0.10	0.20	0.03
Female (child)	3.44	0.005	4.73	0.0001	1.50	0.29	0.22	0.42	1.14	<0.0001
Black	−6.00	0.0002	−5.62	0.0005	−5.36	0.004	−0.33	0.36	−1.16	0.002
36–38 wk gestation
Free choline (z score)	−0.24	0.68	−0.55	0.36	0.25	0.72	0.03	0.77	−0.11	0.41
Maternal PPVT-R score	0.20	<0.0001	0.19	<0.0001	0.17	0.001	0.02	0.01	0.04	<0.0001
Maternal education	0.90	0.02	0.65	0.10	1.04	0.02	0.14	0.10	0.20	0.03
Female (child)	3.44	0.005	4.73	0.0001	1.49	0.29	0.22	0.42	1.14	<0.0001
Black	−6.00	0.0002	−5.62	0.0005	−5.36	0.004	−0.32	0.36	−1.16	0.002
Cord blood (n = 332)
Free choline (z score)	−0.09	0.68	−0.20	0.36	0.09	0.72	0.01	0.77	−0.04	0.41
Maternal PPVT-R score	0.20	<0.0001	0.18	<0.0001	0.05	0.001	0.02	0.01	0.04	<0.0001
Maternal education	0.90	0.02	0.64	0.10	1.03	0.02	0.14	0.10	0.20	0.03
Female (child)	3.44	0.005	4.73	0.0001	1.49	0.29	.21	0.42	1.14	<0.0001
Black	−6.00	0.0002	−5.62	0.0005	−5.36	0.004	−0.32	0.36	−1.16	0.002

¹PPVT-R, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Revised; HSQ, Home Screening Questionnaire. For Full Scale IQ, analysis was by multivariate regression with backward elimination, forcing free choline to be retained in the model. All models initially included free choline, maternal PPVT-R raw score, HSQ score, poverty status, maternal race, education level, smoking, alcohol use, gestational age at delivery, and child sex. For subscale measures, covariates from the final model for Full Scale IQ were included.