Table 4.

Relation between total choline and selected intelligence quotient (IQ) and subscale scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised at age 5 y, adjusted¹

	Full Scale IQ		Verbal IQ		Performance IQ		Block Design subtest		Information subtest
	Parameter estimate	P	Parameter estimate	P	Parameter estimate	P	Parameter estimate	P	Parameter estimate	P
16–18 wk gestation
Total choline (z score)	0.49	0.44	0.003	1.0	0.77	0.28	0.20	0.14	−0.02	0.90
Maternal PPVT-R score	0.15	0.0006	0.14	0.001	0.15	0.002	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.002
HSQ score	0.25	0.01	0.18	0.08	0.20	0.08	0.02	0.38	0.07	0.002
Maternal education	0.88	0.03	0.73	0.08	1.02	0.03	0.15	0.09	0.21	0.02
Female (child)	4.36	0.0005	5.43	<0.0001	2.09	0.13	0.38	0.15	1.27	<0.0001
Black	−5.46	0.002	−5.78	0.0008	−4.14	0.03	−1.13	0.72	−1.03	0.006
24–26 wk gestation
Total choline (z score)	0.53	0.41	0.11	0.86	0.68	0.35	0.12	0.40	−0.03	0.84
Maternal PPVT-R score	0.18	<0.0001	0.17	<0.0001	0.18	0.0002	0.03	0.006	0.04	<0.0001
HSQ score	0.27	0.006	0.19	0.05	0.25	0.03	0.03	0.15	0.07	0.002
Female (child)	3.21	0.009	4.41	0.0002	0.89	0.52	0.14	0.60	1.09	<0.0001
Black	−4.03	0.006	−4.36	0.002	−2.58	.012	0.11	0.73	−0.70	0.02
30–32 wk gestation
Total choline (z score)	0.44	0.49	0.12	0.84	0.64	0.39	0.09	0.51	−0.04	0.76
Maternal PPVT-R score	0.20	<0.0001	0.19	<0.0001	0.17	0.001	0.02	0.01	0.04	<0.0001
Maternal education	0.93	0.02	0.72	0.07	1.02	0.03	0.15	0.10	0.22	0.02
Female (child)	3.38	0.006	4.70	0.0001	1.41	0.32	0.21	0.44	1.14	<0.0001
Black	−5.58	0.0007	−5.41	0.0009	−4.82	0.01	−0.23	0.54	−1.15	0.002
36–38 wk gestation
Total choline (z score)	0.51	0.47	0.19	0.79	0.77	0.36	0.08	0.60	0.02	0.89
Maternal PPVT-R score	0.24	<0.0001	0.23	<0.0001	0.18	0.0008	0.02	0.02	0.05	<0.0001
HSQ score	0.26	0.03	0.18	0.10	0.32	0.01	0.04	0.15	0.06	0.02
Female (child)	3.28	0.02	4.56	0.0008	1.47	0.36	0.17	0.58	1.16	0.0001
Cord blood (n = 301)
Total choline (z score)	0.61	0.36	−0.06	0.92	0.90	0.25	0.18	0.22	−0.01	0.92
Maternal PPVT-R score	0.14	0.003	0.15	0.002	0.15	0.01	0.02	0.07	0.03	0.001
HSQ score	0.27	0.01	0.15	0.14	0.25	0.05	0.03	0.18	0.06	0.01
Maternal education	1.00	0.02	0.97	0.02	1.04	0.04	0.13	0.16	0.22	0.02
Female (child)	3.57	0.007	4.42	0.0005	1.49	0.34	0.21	0.47	1.01	0.0004
Black	−6.24	0.0007	−6.26	0.0003	−5.02	0.02	−0.15	0.71	−1.27	0.001

¹PPVT-R, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Revised; HSQ, Home Screening Questionnaire. For Full Scale IQ, analysis was by multivariate regression with backward elimination, forcing free choline to be retained in the model. All models initially included free choline, maternal PPVT-R raw score, HSQ score, poverty status, maternal race, education level, smoking, alcohol use, gestational age at delivery, and child sex. For subscale measures, covariates from the final model for Full Scale IQ were included.