FIG. 7.

Reduction of biofilm formation by the prototypic UPEC strain CFT073 on coated urinary catheters during growth in human urine. The biofilms were grown under laminar conditions for 24 h at 37°C. (A) Representative catheter segments after crystal violet staining. Abbreviations: B, buffer; FC, coated with the aqueous fish extract; IEF, coated with the isoelectric fraction. (B) Absorbance values (A₅₉₅) standardized according to the uncoated control (NC). Standard deviations of the results obtained from at least three independent experiments using different batches of urine are indicated. Asterisk, statistical significance as indicated by a P value of <0.001 (paired two-tailed t test).