Table 3.

Mean PHQ-9 scores for determining depression diagnosis among SHIELD respondents

PHQ-9 scores	T2D (n = 3530)	High risk (n = 5051)	Low risk (n = 5335)
Summary score, mean (SD)	5.43 (5.72)	5.28 (5.58)	3.86 (4.88)*
% with minimal depression	57.2	58.4	69.8*
% with mild depression	23.2	23.5	18.9
% with moderate-to-severe depression	19.6	18.1	11.3*

^*p < 0.01, T2D vs. low risk. PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; SHIELD, Study to Help Improve Early evaluation and management of risk factors Leading to Diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus.