Fig. 1.

Schematic representation of computer algorithms considered for the detection and quantification of positively immunostained cells in paraffin-embedded tissues. (A) Manual loading of image onto the screen. (B) Application of ‘contrast enhancement’ algorithms. (C) Application of ‘spatial filtering’ algorithms if needed. (D) Obtaining of the optimized image. (E) Application of the ‘segmentation’ algorithms. (F) Application of the measurement parameters. (G) Determination of the positive objects. (H,I) Transfer of global data on Excel worksheet. (J) Determination of final number of positive stained individual cells with special algorithms implemented in the worksheet. The final algorithm models may be used to evaluate nuclear-, cytoplasmic-, and membrane-stained structures.