Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and measures according to treatment group
| Variable | Usual Care (n = 64) Mean (SD) | Experimental Intervention (n = 62) Mean (SD) |
| Age | 31.5 (3.1) | 31.4 (3.6) |
| Localisation of pain: (n/%) | ||
| Lumbar spine | 25 (39.1) | 24 (38.7) |
| SI joints (one or two) | 34 (53.1) | 34 (54.8) |
| Symphysis | 43 (67.2) | 42 (67.7) |
| History of low back pain (n/%) | 43 (67.2) | 44 (71.0) |
| Parity | 2.1 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) |
| Primary outcomes | ||
| VAS (pain today) (0–100) | 54.3 (17.5) | 53.5 (19.1) |
| VAS (pain this week) (0–100) | 59.2 (17.9) | 57.0 (17.8) |
| RDQ (0–24) | 13.5 (4.3) | 13.3 (4.6) |
| Secondary outcomes | ||
| IPA: | ||
| Autonomy in self-care (0–28) | 9.6 (5.7) | 8.8 (5.1) |
| Mobility and leisure (0–20) | 10.9 (3.7) | 10.0 (4.7) |
| Family role (0–28) | 15.4 (5.8) | 14.4 (5.6) |
| Social Relationships (0–24) | 5.8 (3.3) | 5.5 (3.4) |
| MC (VAS)* (0–100) | 69.5 (17.5) | 72.0 (15.7) |
| TSK: | ||
| Total score (17–68) | 35.7 (5.9) | 32.9 (5.0) |
| Fear Avoidance† (8–32) | 18.8 (3.6) | 17.0 (3.0) |
| Harm ‡ (5–20) | 8.5 (2.2) | 7.9 (2.3) |
| PCS | 12.2 (9.8) | 11.2 (8.4) |
| BDI ¶ | 5.3 (4.9) | 5.1 (4.2) |
| NEM | 3.3 (3.4) | 2.4 (2.3) |
| PEM | 7.8 (2.6) | 8.5 (2.4) |
| SF-36: | ||
| General Health | 54.6 (12.5) | 57.8 (13.1) |
| Expectancy treatment | 79.0 (17.8) | 78.3 (16.6) |
| PBS # (0–8) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.6) |
* first mean complaint was selected, † TSK subscale fear-avoidance (items 1,2,9,10,13,14,15,17), ‡ TSK subscale harm (items 3,5,6,7,11), ¶mean BDI calculated without items 15,16, 19, # Pain Behavior Scale filled out by research-physiotherapist after physical examination.
SI = Sacroiliac, VAS = Visual Analog rating Scale, RDQ = Roland Disability Questionnaire, IPA = Impact on Participation and Autonomy, MC = Main Complaint, TSK = Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, PCS = Pain Catastrophying Scale, BDI = Beck Disability Inventory, NEM = Negative Emotionally Scale, PEM = positive Emotionally Scale, SF-36 = Short-Form-36, PBS = Pain Behavior Scale