TABLE 3—

Adjusted Hazard Ratios of Institutionalization in Relation to Duration of Bereavement Among Adults 65 Years or Older Living With a Spouse at the Beginning of Follow-Up, by Level of Education and Household Income: Finland, 1998–2002

	Education		Household Income
	Tertiary or Intermediate (n = 36 984)	Basic or Less (n = 103 918)	Highest Quintile (n = 27 958)	Lower Quintiles (n = 112 944)a
Institutionalized, %	5.8	7.3	5.0	7.3
Bereaved, %	10.8	14.2	9.9	14.2
Duration of bereavement, HR (95% CI)
Not bereaved (Ref)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
0–2 mo	2.02 (1.33, 3.08)	3.03 (2.58, 3.56)	2.77 (1.78, 4.32)	2.88 (2.46, 3.37)
2–6 mo	1.83 (1.33, 2.53)	1.67 (1.43, 1.95)	1.89 (1.28, 2.80)	1.68 (1.44, 1.95)
6–12 mo	2.14 (1.66, 2.77)	1.69 (1.47, 1.93)	1.69 (1.19, 2.39)	1.78 (1.57, 2.03)
> 12 mo	1.56 (1.32, 1.84)	1.31 (1.20, 1.42)	1.45 (1.18, 1.78)	1.34 (1.23, 1.45)
P for interaction	.056		.635
Total bereaved, HR (95% CI)	1.73 (1.52, 1.98)	1.54 (1.44, 1.64)	1.63 (1.38, 1.92)	1.57 (1.47, 1.67)
P for interaction	.143		.194

Note. HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval. All models included gender, age, region of residence, education, household income, and chronic medical conditions as control variables.

^aFour lowest income quintiles.