TABLE 3—
Crude Age-, Gender-, and Multivariate-Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) for the Association Between Socioeconomimc Variables and Chronic Kidney Disease Among US, Australian, and Thai Populations 35 Years or Older: NHANES III, AusDiab I, and InterASIA (Thailand)
| Model 1 (Crude) | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| United States, non-Hispanic White (n = 4482) | ||||
| Education,a y | ||||
| < 12 | 3.18 (2.41, 4.20) | 1.33 (1.01, 1.76) | 1.28 (.97, 1.70) | 1.34 (1.01, 1.77) |
| 12 | 1.29 (.99, 1.68) | .99 (.75, 1.29) | .94 (.72, 1.24) | 1.00 (.76, 1.30) |
| Incomeb | ||||
| Lowest quartile | 3.92 (2.69, 5.72) | 1.86 ( 1.27, 2.72) | 1.77 (1.22, 2.56) | 1.80 (1.17, 2.77) |
| Second quartile | 2.00 (1.32, 3.03) | 1.44 (.93, 2.22) | 1.38 (.89, 2.12) | 1.34 (.84, 2.15) |
| Third quartile | .99 (.67, 1.47) | 1.23 (.84, 1.80) | 1.24 (.84, 1.82) | 1.18 (.77, 1.79) |
| Not employed, not retired (vs employed) | 3.54 (2.52, 4.98) | 1.00 (.73, 1.38) | .95 (.69, 1.30) | .81 (.57, 1.16) |
| United States, non-Hispanic Black (n = 2214) | ||||
| Education,a y | ||||
| < 12 | 4.97 (2.94, 8.38) | 2.07 (1.17, 3.68) | 1.82 (1.00, 3.34) | 1.79 (.92, 3.47) |
| 12 | 1.79 (1.04, 3.08) | 1.63 (.95, 2.81) | 1.48 (.87, 2.54) | 1.31 (.75, 2.30) |
| Incomeb | ||||
| Lowest quartile | 3.73 (1.58, 8.79) | 1.81 (.75, 4.38) | 1.49 (.58, 3.82) | 1.47 (.57, 3.81) |
| Second quartile | 2.05 (.81, 5.17) | 1.44 (.55, 3.77) | 1.25 (.46, 3.39) | 1.25 (.46, 3.40) |
| Third quartile | 1.17 (.38, 3.61) | 1.06 (.35, 3.28) | 1.00 (.32, 3.16) | .84 (.25, 2.81) |
| Not employed, not retired (vs employed) | 4.72 (2.73, 8.18) | 2.89 (1.53, 5.46) | 2.47 (1.30, 4.71) | 2.38 (1.24, 4.58) |
| United States, Mexican American (n = 2049) | ||||
| Education,a y | ||||
| < 12 | 2.37 (.73, 7.68) | .86 (.25, 2.96) | .79 (.24, 2.68) | 1.40 (.40, 4.81) |
| 12 | 2.43 (.63, 9.29) | 1.86 (.47, 7.31) | 1.97 (.48, 8.05) | 3.52 (.86, 14.44) |
| Incomeb | ||||
| Lowest quartile | 1.84 (.66, 5.13) | 1.32 (.47, 3.70) | 1.07 (.37, 3.07) | .98 (.32, 2.99) |
| Second quartile | 1.02 (.32, 3.29) | .97 (.32, 2.99) | .87 (.28, 2.75) | .81 (.25, 2.59) |
| Third quartile | .42 (.07, 2.47) | .51 (.09, 2.99) | .38 (.06, 2.57) | .21 (.04, 1.20) |
| Not employed, not retired (vs employed) | 10.12 (3.66, 27.99) | 6.62 (1.94, 22.64) | 5.52 (1.51, 20.15) | 4.49 (1.15, 17.55) |
| Australia (n = 9329) | ||||
| Education,a y | ||||
| < 12 | 2.69 (2.20, 3.28) | 1.07 (.88, 1.30) | 1.07 (.88, 1.29) | 1.01 (.80, 1.28) |
| 12 | .97 (.76, 1.23) | .70 (.52, .95) | .70 (.52, .94) | .72 (.53, .99) |
| Incomeb | ||||
| Lowest quartile | 5.81 (3.86, 8.73) | 1.37 (.87, 2.14) | 1.34 (.86, 2.09) | 1.31 (.81, 2.13) |
| Second quartile | 3.99 (2.86, 5.57) | 1.23 (.83, 1.82) | 1.21 (.83, 1.76) | 1.18 (.79, 1.78) |
| Third quartile | 1.27 (.85, 1.91) | 1.34 (.82, 2.19) | 1.33 (.82, 2.16) | 1.32 (.78, 2.25) |
| Not employed, not retired (vs employed) | 4.51 (3.02, 6.72) | 1.38 (.94, 2.02) | 1.35 (.91, 1.99) | 1.26 (.88, 1.83) |
| Thailand (n = 5063) | ||||
| Education,c y | ||||
| < 4 | 5.90 (3.79, 9.19) | 1.17 (.73, 1.88) | 1.22 (.77, 1.93) | 1.11 (.70, 1.76) |
| 4 | 2.55 (1.75, 3.72) | 1.35 (.96, 1.90) | 1.43 (1.01, 2.04) | 1.31 (.92, 1.85) |
| Incomeb | ||||
| Lowest quartile | 1.61 (1.01, 2.58) | .96 (.67, 1.40) | 1.04 (.71, 1.53) | .93 (.63, 1.36) |
| Second quartile | 1.03 (.72, 1.47) | .94 (.66, 1.34) | 1.00 (.70, 1.43) | .92 (.65, 1.32) |
| Third quartile | .91 (.67, 1.25) | .83 (.57, 1.23) | .89 (.60, 1.30) | .82 (.56, 1.20) |
| Not employed, not retired (vs employed) | 3.38 (2.46, 4.64) | 1.25 (.92, 1.70) | 1.20 (.88, 1.63) | 1.27 (.92, 1.77) |
Note. NHANES III = Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; AusDiab I = Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study, and InterASIA (Thailand) = International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a GFR at less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2(chronic kidney disease severity of Stage 3 or greater).31 Model 2 was adjusted for age and gender. Model 3 was adjusted for age (continuous), gender, diabetes status (plasma glucose ≥ 7 mmol/L, taking insulin or oral agents, or doctor ever told participant he or she has diabetes), and hypertension status (systolic blood pressure > 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure > 90 mm Hg, taking antihypertensive medication, or doctor ever told participant he or she has high blood pressure or hypertension). Model 4 was adjusted for the same set of covariates as model 3, with additional adjustment for area of residence (urban vs rural), obesity (as defined by waist circumference), smoking status, and previous cardiovascular events (stroke or heart attack).
aMore than 12 years was the reference category.
bHighest quartile was the reference category. Income equivalence was calculated by dividing total household income by the square root of the number of people dependent on that income. The 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles for construction of income equivalence groups are US $12 000, US $20 500, and US $28 000 (United States); Aus $16 000, Aus $30 000, and Aus $47 000 (Australia); and 17 000, 32 000, and 60 000 Thai baht (Thailand).
aMore than 4 years was the reference category.