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Influence of strength of real stabilizing selection on (a) genetic variance, (b) the mean–optimum deviation, (c) the linear selection gradient, and (d) the quadratic selection gradient. Mutational effects on the trait have a reflected gamma distribution with τa = 0.1 but have a higher probability P = 0.852 of negative values, and pleiotropic effects on fitness are exponentially distributed with mean E(s) = 0.05. N = 1000 and Δ = −0.03σE.
