Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of the 30 Pima Indian participants with type 2 diabetes and elevated GFR at baseline,^a according to period of follow-up^b

Clinical Characteristic	Period of Follow-Up
	Baseline	First	Second	Third
Female gender (%)	19 (63%)	—	—	—
Age (yr)	40 ± 9	41 ± 9	42 ± 9	43 ± 9
BMI	33.0 ± 7.0	32.4 ± 6.9	32.8 ± 7.4	32.2 ± 7.0
ACR (mg/g)c	103 (49 to 228)	80.3 (44 to 601)	109 (63 to 497)	121 (36 to 992)
Iothalamate clearance
Standardized (ml/min per 1.73 m2)	153 ± 27	146 ± 33	137 ± 36	136 ± 42
Unstandardized (ml/min)	176 ± 40	163 ± 39	154 ± 44	152 ± 50
Serum cystatin C
Concentration (mg/L)	0.66 ± 0.14	0.71 ± 0.28	0.78 ± 0.35	0.85 ± 0.58
100/cystatin C	158 ± 34	156 ± 44	143 ± 39	139 ± 42
Serum creatinine
Concentration (mg/dl)	0.72 ± 0.17	0.71 ± 0.21	0.75 ± 0.36	0.93 ± 1.00
100/creatinine	146 ± 32	149 ± 34	148 ± 40	138 ± 39
Cockroft-Gault (ml/min)d	167 ± 60	164 ± 60	163 ± 66	152 ± 54
MDRD (ml/min per 1.73 m2)e	130 ± 32	130 ± 35	132 ± 42	117 ± 36

^aDefined as a GFR >120 ml/min as determined by iothalamate clearance standardized for BSA.

^bBMI, body mass index; ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; BSA, body surface area. Data are mean ± SD.

^cData are median (interquartile range).

^dThe GFR based on the Cockcroft-Gault formula was estimated by the conventional modified formula [(140 − age in years) × (actual weight in kilograms)/(72 × serum creatinine in mg/dl) × 0.85 (if female)] [(see reference 3)].

^eThe GFR based on the MDRD equation was estimated by the conventional formula for whites [186 × (SCr)^−1.154 × (age)^−0.203 × (0.742 if female)] [(see reference (25)].