TABLE 1.
MA use in the homeless and marginally housed in San Francisco in the past month; by route of administration and by demographic and behavioral subgroups
| Characteristic | Wave 1 n/total (%) | Wave 2 n/total (%) | Wave 3 n/total (%) | P value for trenda | Wave 3/Wave 1 ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MA Use by Route of Administration | |||||
| All routes | 66/1152 (5.7) | 62/678 (9.1) | 78/518 (15.1) | <0.001 | 2.6 |
| Snorted /Inhaled | 23/1152 (2.0) | 23/672 (3.4) | 23/518 (4.4) | 0.004 | 2.2 |
| Smoked | 12/1152 (1.0) | 26/672 (3.9) | 37/518 (7.1) | <0.001 | 6.9 |
| Injected | 45/1152 (3.9) | 41/672 (6.1) | 48/518 (9.3) | <0.001 | 2.4 |
| Any MA use by Demographic Subgroup | |||||
| Age | |||||
| ≤34 | 22/251 (8.8) | 17/106 (16.1) | 32/97 (33.0) | <0.001 | 3.8 |
| 35–49 | 35/662 (5.3) | 39/423 (9.2) | 35/261 (13.4) | <0.001 | 2.5 |
| ≥50 | 9/237 (3.8) | 5/14 (3.6) | 11/159 (6.9) | 0.17 | 1.8 |
| Sex/Sexual Orientation | |||||
| Female | 8/245 (3.3) | 6/171 (3.5) | 9/100 (9.0) | 0.04 | 2.8 |
| Male, not MSM | 30/681 (4.4) | 26/376 (6.9) | 32/284 (11.3) | 0.001 | 2.6 |
| MSM | 27/220 (12.3) | 30/128 (23.4) | 37/134 (27.6) | 0.002 | 2.3 |
| Race | |||||
| Caucasian | 35/415 (8.4) | 35/232 (15.1) | 42/175 (24.0) | <0.001 | 2.9 |
| African-American | 15/563 (2.7) | 16/347 (4.6) | 12/221 (5.4) | 0.05 | 2.0 |
| Other | 16/171 (9.4) | 10/97 (10.3) | 24/119 (20.2) | 0.009 | 2.2 |
| HIV status | |||||
| Negative | 62/1045 (5.9) | 47/591 (8.0) | 65/457(14.2) | <0.001 | 2.4 |
| Positive | 4/92 (4.4) | 14/81 (17.3) | 13/60 (21.7) | 0.0013 | 5.0 |
| Housing Status b | |||||
| Other Housing Status | 5/76 (6.6) | 5/37 (13.5) | 2/36 (5.6) | 0.936 | 0.9 |
| Marginally Housed | 5/108 (4.6) | 2/57 (3.5) | 3/35 (8.6) | 0.484 | 1.9 |
| Literally Homeless | 56/968 (5.8) | 55/584 (9.4) | 73/447 (16.3) | <0.001 | 2.8 |
| Literally Homeless >1 year | |||||
| No | 22/429 (5.1) | 13/188 (6.9) | 15/127 (11.8) | 0.03 | 2.3 |
| Yes | 44/717 (6.1) | 48/479 (10.0) | 62/388 (16.0) | <0.001 | 2.6 |
| Any MA use by Behavioral Subgroup | |||||
| Other Substance Use Past Month | |||||
| Injection drug use c | 29/110 (26.4) | 28/86 (32.6) | 28/64 (43.8) | 0.02 | 1.7 |
| Non-injection drug used | 11/276 (4.0) | 10/197 (5.1) | 20/131 (15.3) | 0.001 | 3.8 |
| Heavy drinking e | 7/173 (4.1) | 4/92 (4.4) | 12/78 (15.4) | 0.003 | 3.8 |
| No other drug use | 19/593 (3.2) | 20/303 (6.6) | 18/245 (7.4) | 0.006 | 2.3 |
| Sex Partners in Past Year | |||||
| None | 8/288 (2.8) | – | 7/126 (5.6) | 0.16 | 2.0 |
| 1–2 | 25/469 (5.3) | – | 18/158 (11.4) | 0.009 | 2.1 |
| 3 or more | 30/386 (7.8) | – | 53/227 (23.4) | <0.001 | 3.0 |
| Sex Exchange in Past Year | |||||
| No | 49/1036 (4.7) | – | 58/436 (13.3) | <0.001 | 2.8 |
| Yes | 13/99 (13.1) | – | 18/60 (30.0) | 0.01 | 2.3 |
a SAS Mantel–Haenszel Chi-square for Trend
b Literally homeless defined as living in a shelter, on streets, in a squat, vehicle, park or any other place not meant for sleeping at least one night in the prior year. Marginally housed was defined as living in a single room occupancy hotel or apartment (SRO), board and care apartment and no nights on street or in shelter. “Other housing status” individuals did not meet criteria for literally homeless or marginally housed and reported living in one’s own apartment or house, with friends, in jail or prison, in a hospital or a residential drug or alcohol treatment facility in the prior year.
cHeroin, crack, cocaine or any injection drugs
dHeroin, crack, cocaine but no injection
e≥5 drinks/occasion for men, ≥4 drinks/occasion for women but no other drugs