TABLE 4.
Hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p values analyzing the association between childhood and adolescent family factors and cocaine/heroin onset by age 42 in the Woodlawn cohort (N = 571)
| Model 1: Total | Model 2: Females | Model 3: Males | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate | Multivariated | Bivariate | Multivariated | Bivariate | Multivariated | |
| Gender | 1.68 (1.25–2.25) p = .001 | 1.30 (0.96–1.77) p = .089 | – | – | – | – |
| Female-headed householda | 0.93 (0.68–1.26) p = .621 | – | 0.70 (0.42–1.17) p = .173 | 0.70 (0.42–1.19) p = .191 | 1.03 (0.70–1.52) p = .874 | – |
| Mother’s educationa | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) p = .368 | – | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) p = .097 | 1.07 (.97–1.20) p = .190 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) p = .781 | – |
| Family disciplinea | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) p = .031 | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) p = .036 | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) p = .103 | 1.15 (1.00–1.32) p = .045 | 1.05 (0.94–1.16) p = .398 | – |
| Parental rule settingb, c | 1.28 (0.57–2.89) p = .553 | – | 0.79 (0.68–0.93) p = .004 | 0.82 (0.70–0.97) p = .017 | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) p = .229 | – |
| Family cohesionb | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) p = .589 | – | 0.81 (0.66–0.99) p = .041 | 0.86 (0.69–1.07) p = .168 | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) p = .203 | – |
| Maternal substance useb | 1.72 (1.16–2.54) p = .007 | 1.62 (1.09–2.41) p = .016 | 1.81 (0.95–3.42) p = .070 | 1.44 (0.75–2.80) p = .276 | 1.55 (0.94–2.54) p = .085 | 1.42 (0.86–2.33) p = .169 |
aMeasured during the childhood interview (age 6).
bMeasured during the adolescent interview (age 16).
cRule setting pertains to rules about alcohol use, smoking, and drug use.
dMultivariate models also adjust for onset of marijuana use by age 15 and teacher’s rating of aggressive behavior in first grade.