Table 1.
Distribution of creatinine-corrected urine cadmium concentrations by participant characteristics.
| Characteristic | No. of childrena (unweighted) | Geometric mean urine cadmium (μg/g creatinine) (95% CI) | p-Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|
| dfs | 0.09 | ||
| 0 | 1,027 | 0.080 (0.074–0.087) | |
| ≥ 1 | 1,288 | 0.088 (0.082–0.095) | |
| DMFS | 0.61 | ||
| 0 | 1,976 | 0.086 (0.081–0.091) | |
| ≥ 1 | 910 | 0.088 (0.081–0.096) | |
| Sex | 0.004 | ||
| Male | 1,511 | 0.080 (0.075–0.086) | |
| Female | 1,445 | 0.092 (0.086–0.099) | |
| Age (years) | 0.65 | ||
| 6–7 | 811 | 0.083 (0.075–0.091) | |
| 8–9 | 855 | 0.087 (0.080–0.096) | |
| 10–12 | 1,290 | 0.087 (0.081–0.093) | |
| Education level of household head | < 0.0001 | ||
| < High school | 706 | 0.101 (0.091–0.111) | |
| High school | 1,495 | 0.092 (0.086–0.098) | |
| > High school | 755 | 0.064 (0.058–0.071) | |
| Race/ethnicity | < 0.0001 | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 759 | 0.067 (0.061–0.074) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1,006 | 0.096 (0.088–0.104) | |
| Mexican American | 1,061 | 0.092 (0.085–0.100) | |
| Other | 130 | 0.085 (0.069–0.106) | |
| Region | 0.08 | ||
| Northeast | 302 | 0.084 (0.072–0.098) | |
| Midwest | 538 | 0.086 (0.077–0.096) | |
| South | 1,258 | 0.081 (0.075–0.087) | |
| West | 858 | 0.094 (0.087–0.103) | |
| Metro vs. nonmetroc | 0.26 | ||
| Metro | 1,432 | 0.088 (0.082–0.095) | |
| Other | 1,524 | 0.084 (0.078–0.090) | |
| Poverty status | < 0.0001 | ||
| < Federal poverty line | 1,149 | 0.105 (0.097–0.113) | |
| ≥ Federal poverty line | 1,584 | 0.072 (0.067–0.077) | |
| No. of persons smoking cigarettes at home | < 0.0001 | ||
| ≤ 1 | 1,824 | 0.079 (0.074–0.084) | |
| > 1 | 1,130 | 0.098 (0.091–0.106) | |
| Time since last visit to dentist (years) | 0.99 | ||
| ≤ 1 | 2,415 | 0.086 (0.081–0.091) | |
| > 1 | 541 | 0.086 (0.076–0.096) | |
| Serum cotinine (ng/mL) | < 0.0001 | ||
| < 0.08 | 741 | 0.072 (0.065–0.079) | |
| 0.08–0.23 | 737 | 0.082 (0.074–0.091) | |
| 0.23–0.79 | 739 | 0.090 (0.082–0.099) | |
| > 0.79 | 739 | 0.102 (0.093–0.113) | |
| Blood lead (μg/dL) | < 0.0001 | ||
| <1.6 | 757 | 0.068 (0.062–0.075) | |
| 1.6–2.6 | 723 | 0.076 (0.069–0.084) | |
| 2.6–4.3 | 751 | 0.092 (0.084–0.102) | |
| > 4.3 | 719 | 0.114 (0.104–0.125) | |
| Sucrose intake (g/day) | 0.01 | ||
| < 27.3 | 713 | 0.095 (0.086–0.105) | |
| 27.3–44.5 | 708 | 0.086 (0.078–0.095) | |
| 44.5–68.6 | 711 | 0.075 (0.068–0.083) | |
| > 68.6 | 710 | 0.088 (0.079–0.097) |
a
Number of subjects differ because of missing data.
b
p-Values from F-test for difference in geometric mean cadmium concentrations between groups.
c
Counties of metropolitan (metro) areas with population of ≥ 1 million or more were classified as metro areas.