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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Jun 17.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Addict Behav. 2007 Dec;21(4):498–507. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.21.4.498

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Top panel: Hypothesized model including time 1 drinking. + = hypothesized positive association. − = hypothesized negative association. D = disturbance (unexplained variance in endogenous latent factors). T1 HED = time 1 heavy episodic drinking. ATT = time 1 attitudes. NORMS = time 1 subjective norms. SE = time 1 self-efficacy. T2 HED = time 2 heavy episodic drinking. Double-headed arrows imply nondirectional covariance between the variables. The dotted line represents the nested model including a direct effect for SE on T2 HED. For ease of interpretation, measured indicators are not shown. Bottom panel: Final model including time 1 drinking. * = significance at the .05 level.