Table 2.
Tests for Factorial Invariance of the Four Models across Different Genders: Goodness-of-Fit Statistics
| Model | S-B χ2 | Df | CFIa | Changes in CFIa | RMSEA (90%CI)a | SRMRa |
| Enjoyment-Competence Model | ||||||
| 1: Configual model | 131.55 | 33 | 0.94 | 0.05(0.04–0.06) | 0.04 | |
| 2: Measurement model | 169.73 | 40 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.05(0.04–0.06) | 0.04 |
| Partial measurement modelb | 154.79 | 38 | 0.94 | 0.00 | 0.05(0.04–0.06) | 0.04 |
| 3. Structural model | 163.66 | 39 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.05(0.04–0.06) | 0.04 |
| Outcome expectation Model | ||||||
| 1: Configual model | 168.42 | 49 | 0.94 | 0.04(0.04–0.05) | 0.04 | |
| 2: Measurement model | 179.11 | 56 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.04(0.03–0.05) | 0.04 |
| 3. Structural model | 181.28 | 57 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.04(0.03–0.05) | 0.04 |
| Social Support Model | ||||||
| 1: Configual model | 237.92 | 74 | 0.98 | 0.04(0.03–0.04) | 0.03 | |
| 2: Measurement model | 248.82 | 81 | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.04(0.03–0.04) | 0.04 |
| 3. Structural model | 257.70 | 86 | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.04(0.03–0.04) | 0.04 |
| Environment Model | ||||||
| 1: Configual model | 69.76 | 21 | 0.96 | 0.04(0.03–0.05) | 0.03 | |
| 2: Measurement model | 74.60 | 25 | 0.96 | 0.00 | 0.04(0.03–0.05) | 0.03 |
| 3. Structural model | 78.06 | 28 | 0.96 | 0.00 | 0.04(0.03–0.05) | 0.03 |
Based on the univariate χ2 incremental values (p < 0.05)
a: The cut-off points of model fit: CFI greater than .90, Changes in CFI equal or less than 0.01, the point estimate of RMSEA less than 0.05 and the 90%CI of RMSEA less than 0.08, SRMR less than 0.08.
b: Equality constraints related to item Enjoy3 and item Comp3 were removed sequentially