Table 3.

Data from Questionnaires / Surveys of Humans, Taking Cannabis as a Medicine to Relief Chronic Non-Cancer Pain of Different Types, Especially as a Symptom of Multiple Sclerosis

References	Pain Origin and Treatment	Results and Remarks
Consroe et al., 1997 [23]	Questionnaire to 112 patients with MS taking cannabis for therapeutic reasons (in a self-medication basis), 2-3 times per day, 5-6 days per week, and usually smoked.	Approximately 95% reported cannabis improved spasticity and chronic pain of extremities; and other symptoms (as acute paroxysmal phenomenon, tremor, emotional dysfunction, anorexia/weight loss, fatigue states, double vision, sexual dysfunction, bowel and bladder dysfunctions, vision dimness, dysfunctions of walking and balance, and memory loss).
Ware et al., 2002 [171]	Interviewed patients with chronic pain using smoked herbal cannabis therapeutically n=15 (median duration of use six years)	Twelve improved in pain and mood, while 11 improved in sleep. Eight reported a “high” (state of euphoric intoxication); six denied a “high”. Tolerance to cannabis was not reported.
Ware et al., 2003 [170]	Anonymous cross-sectional survey to determine the prevalence of medicinal cannabis use among patients with chronic non-cancerous pain n=209	35% ever had used cannabis; 15% had used cannabis for pain relief (pain users), and 10% were currently using cannabis for pain relief; 18% denied using cannabis for pain relief (recreational users). Largest group using cannabis had pain by trauma and/or surgery (51%), and predominantly in neck/upper body (68%) and myofascial (65%). Pain, sleep and mood were most frequently reported as improving with cannabis use, and “high” and dry mouth were the most commonly reported side effects.
Clark et al., 2004 [21]	Survey to estimate the patterns and prevalence of cannabis use among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) n=220	36% ever had used cannabis for any purpose; 14% use cannabis for symptom treatment. Medical cannabis use associated with male gender, tobacco use, and recreational cannabis use. Symptoms most effectively relieved: stress, sleep, mood, stiffness/spasm, and pain.