Table 9.
Independent variables | Coefficient estimates | |
---|---|---|
Ghana | Senegal | |
Individual characteristics | ||
Individual demographics (base: male 15-49 years) | ||
Male: 0–4 years | 0.05 | 0.95 |
Male: 5–14 years | 0.25 | −3.73*** |
Male: ≥50 years | −1.03 | −0.41 |
Female: 0–4 years | 1.03 | −0.97 |
Female: 5–14 years | −1.42 | −0.70 |
Female: 15–49 years | −0.44 | −0.91 |
Female: ≥50 years | 0.74 | 0.35 |
Household characteristics | ||
Female headed household (base: male) | −1.23** | −0.13 |
Education of head of household (base: none) | ||
Primary | −0.74* | −0.61 |
Secondary or higher | 0.05 | −2.33*** |
Occupation of head of household (base: none) | ||
Agriculture | 0.74 | 0.22 |
Other (Commerce/trade/ artisan/administration) | 0.12 | 0.70 |
Household economic status (base: poorest 20%) | ||
Middle-poor 20% | 0.77 | −0.05 |
Middle 20% | −0.06 | 1.02 |
Middle-rich 20% | 1.41** | 1.65* |
Richest 20% | 1.23** | 1.29 |
Community characteristics | ||
Urban (base: rural) | −1.76*** | −0.82 |
Availability of health facility in the community (base: no) | −1.01 | |
MHO enrolment (base: not enrolled) | ||
Enrolled in MHO with high outpatient care coverage | 0.58 | |
Enrolled in MHO with high inpatient care coverage | −9.44*** | −1.81*** |
Constant | 11.91*** | 12.30*** |
Number of cases | 232 | 101 |
*P < 0.10; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01.
Dependent variable: log (total out-of-pocket expenditures +1).