Table 9.

Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditures for hospitalization event

Independent variables	Coefficient estimates
	Ghana	Senegal
Individual characteristics
Individual demographics (base: male 15-49 years)
Male: 0–4 years	0.05	0.95
Male: 5–14 years	0.25	−3.73***
Male: ≥50 years	−1.03	−0.41
Female: 0–4 years	1.03	−0.97
Female: 5–14 years	−1.42	−0.70
Female: 15–49 years	−0.44	−0.91
Female: ≥50 years	0.74	0.35
Household characteristics
Female headed household (base: male)	−1.23**	−0.13
Education of head of household (base: none)
Primary	−0.74*	−0.61
Secondary or higher	0.05	−2.33***
Occupation of head of household (base: none)
Agriculture	0.74	0.22
Other (Commerce/trade/ artisan/administration)	0.12	0.70
Household economic status (base: poorest 20%)
Middle-poor 20%	0.77	−0.05
Middle 20%	−0.06	1.02
Middle-rich 20%	1.41**	1.65*
Richest 20%	1.23**	1.29
Community characteristics
Urban (base: rural)	−1.76***	−0.82
Availability of health facility in the community (base: no)		−1.01
MHO enrolment (base: not enrolled)
Enrolled in MHO with high outpatient care coverage		0.58
Enrolled in MHO with high inpatient care coverage	−9.44***	−1.81***
Constant	11.91***	12.30***
Number of cases	232	101

*P < 0.10; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01.

Dependent variable: log (total out-of-pocket expenditures +1).