TABLE 5.
Multivariate-adjusted geometric mean (95% CI) total plasma homocysteine concentrations by quintile (Q) of energy-adjusted choline plus betaine and categories of other factors in the Framingham Offspring Study of 920 men and 1040 women1
| Quintile of choline plus betaine |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
P for trend2 |
P for interaction |
|
| Folate intake | μmol/L | ||||||
| ≤250 μg/d (n = 525) | 12.4 (11.6, 13.2) | 11.2 (10.5, 11.9) | 10.7 (9.9, 11.6) | 10.8 (9.9, 11.8) | 10.2 (9.1, 11.4) | <0.0001 | |
| >250 to ≤400 μg/d (n = 793) | 10.9 (10.2, 11.6) | 10.3 (9.8, 10.9) | 10.6 (10.0, 11.2) | 10.3 (9.8, 10.9) | 10.6 (10.0, 11.1) | 0.51 | |
| >400 μg/d (n = 642) | 8.8 (8.3, 9.5) | 8.7 (8.1, 9.4) | 8.4 (7.9, 9.0) | 8.5 (8.0, 9.1) | 8.7 (8.2, 9.3) | 0.86 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol intake | |||||||
| 0 g/d (n = 484) | 10.9 (10.2, 11.6) | 9.6 (8.9, 10.4) | 9.8 (9.0, 10.6) | 9.9 (9.1, 10.7) | 10.3 (9.5, 11.2) | 0.23 | |
| >0 to ≤15 g/d (n = 1029) | 10.5 (9.9, 11.0) | 9.8 (9.4, 10.4) | 9.7 (9.2, 10.2) | 9.7 (9.2, 10.2) | 9.6 (9.1, 10.1) | 0.007 | |
| >15 g/d (n = 447) | 12.1 (11.1, 13.1) | 11.2 (10.3, 12.1) | 10.4 (9.6, 11.3) | 10.1 (9.3, 10.9) | 10.3 (9.6, 11.2) | 0.0004 | 0.03 |
| Age | |||||||
| ≤50 y (n = 752) | 10.4 (9.7, 11.0) | 9.5 (8.9, 10.1) | 8.9 (8.4, 9.6) | 8.9 (8.3, 9.5) | 9.5 (8.8, 10.1) | ||
| 51 to ≤60 y (n = 654) | 11.4 (10.7, 12.1) | 10.1 (9.5, 10.8) | 10.3 (9.6, 11.0) | 10.3 (9.6, 10.9) | 10.4 (9.8, 11.0) | ||
| >60 y (n = 554) | 11.4 (10.6, 12.3) | 11.1 (10.3, 12.0) | 10.9 (10.2, 11.8) | 10.7 (10.0, 11.6) | 10.4 (9.6, 11.2) | 0.29 | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male (n = 920) | 11.6 (11.0, 12.2) | 10.8 (10.2, 11.4) | 10.6 (10.1, 11.2) | 10.3 (9.8, 10.9) | 10.1 (9.6, 10.7) | <0.0001 | |
| Female (n = 1040) | 10.2 (9.8, 10.7) | 9.3 (8.8, 9.8) | 9.2 (8.7, 9.6) | 9.3 (8.8, 9.8) | 9.6 (9.1, 10.1) | 0.07 | 0.004 |
1
Values were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, hypertension medication use, serum creatinine, and intakes of alcohol, caffeine, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12.
2
Calculated with median intake in each quintile as a continuous variable.