Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Jun 18.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;86(4):1073–1081. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1073

TABLE 4.

Adjusted mean values of total homocysteine (tHcy) by quintile (Q) of energy-adjusted choline-containing compounds1

Nutrient intake
 Percentage change (Q1—Q5)
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 P for trend2
%
Water-soluble
    Choline from glycerophosphocholine3
        Median intake (mg/d) 34.3 43.6 51.1 61.7 80.0
        Range < 39.3 39.4−47.3 47.4−56.3 56.3−68.9 >68.9
        Age-adjusted tHcy 11.6 ± 0.34 11.1 ± 0.3 10.5 ± 0.25 10.4 ± 0.35 9.5 ± 0.25 −18 < 0.001
        Model 16 11.6 ± 0.3 11.0 ± 0.3 10.5 ± 0.25 10.3 ± 0.35 9.6 ± 0.25 −17 < 0.001
        Model 27 11.1 ± 0.3 10.8 ± 0.3 10.5 ± 0.2 10.6 ± 0.3 10.0 ± 0.25 −10 < 0.01
    Choline from phosphocholine8
        Median intake (mg/d) 10.2 12.5 14.3 16.6 20.3
        Range < 11.5 11.5−13.4 13.4−15.4 15.4−18.0 > 18.0
        Age-adjusted tHcy 11.6 ± 0.3 11.2 ± 0.3 10.9 ± 0.3 9.9 ± 0.25 9.4 ± 0.25 −19 < 0.001
        Model 16 11.5 ± 0.3 11.2 ± 0.3 10.9 ± 0.3 9.9 ± 0.25 9.5 ± 0.25 −17 < 0.001
        Model 27 10.9 ± 0.3 11.0 ± 0.3 11.0 ± 0.3 10.1 ± 0.25 10.0 ± 0.25 −8 0.001
    Free choline9
        Median intake (mg/d) 58.5 67.5 73.8 80.8 92.8
        Range < 63.6 63.6−71.0 71.0−77.4 77.4−85.8 >85.9
        Age-adjusted tHcy 11.0 ± 0.2 10.8 ± 0.2 10.7 ± 0.3 10.3 ± 0.25 10.2 ± 0.25 −7 0.009
        Model 16 11.3 ± 0.3 10.9 ± 0.2 10.6 ± 0.3 10.2 ± 0.35 10.0 ± 0.35 −12 < 0.001
        Model 27 10.7 ± 0.3 10.6 ± 0.2 10.8 ± 0.3 10.4 ± 0.2 10.5 ± 0.3 −2 0.47
Lipid-soluble
    Choline from phosphatidylcholine10
        Median intake (mg/d) 120 140 157 175 207
        Range < 131 131−148 148−164 164−187 > 187
        Age-adjusted tHcy 10.7 ± 0.3 10.7 ± 0.2 10.4 ± 0.3 10.4 ± 0.2 10.8 ± 0.3 1 0.99
        Model 16 10.3 ± 0.3 10.6 ± 0.2 10.5 ± 0.3 10.7 ± 0.2 11.0 ± 0.3 7 0.10
        Model 27 10.5 ± 0.3 10.5 ± 0.2 10.5 ± 0.3 10.5 ± 0.2 11.0 ± 0.3 5 0.17
    Choline from sphingomyelin11
        Median intake (mg/d) 13.4 16.1 18.2 20.4 23.7
        Range < 14.9 14.9−17.2 17.2−19.3 19.3−21.9 >21.9
        Age-adjusted tHcy 10.8 ± 0.3 10.8 ± 0.3 10.5 ± 0.3 10.5 ± 0.2 10.5 ± 0.3 −3 0.32
        Model 16 9.9 ± 0.3 10.4 ± 0.3 10.4 ± 0.3 11.0 ± 0.35 11.3 ± 0.45 14 0.02
        Model 27 10.5 ± 0.4 10.6 ± 0.3 10.3 ± 0.3 10.7 ± 0.3 11.0 ± 0.3 5 0.39
1

n = 295 in each quintile unless stated otherwise.

2

Linear regression coefficient for continuous variable was based on the median value from each quintile.

3

n = 296 in Q3 and Q4.

4

x̄ ± SEM (all such values).

5

Significantly different from Q1 according to linear regression models, P < 0.05 (Wald test).

6

Model 1 was adjusted for age, smoking status, menopausal status, laboratory batch, coffee, total calories, and intakes of methionine and alcohol.

7

Model 2 was adjusted as model 1 plus for intakes of folate and riboflavin.

8

n = 297 in Q1, 293 in Q2, and 296 in Q3 and Q4.

9

n = 296 in Q1, Q3, and Q4 and 294 in Q2.

10

n = 296 in Q2 and Q5.

11

n = 297 in Q3 and Q5 and 293 in Q4.