Table 2.

Overview of primary study outcomes of cognitive-behavioral stress management interventions for persons living with HIV

Study outcome	Number of interventions assessing outcome	Positive findings: study citation numbers	Mixed findings: study citation numbers	Negative findings: study citation numbers
Stress and coping
Perceived stress	4	[31, 39]	[28, 29/30]
Coping strategies	8		[27, 28, 31, 32/33, 40, 41, 42, 45]
Coping self-efficacy	3	[31, 40]	[29/30]
Psychological adjustment and psychosocial functioning
Depression	10	[26, 27, 35, 47, 48]	[32/33, 38, 40, 46, 49]
Anxiety	7	[23, 47, 48, 50]	[29/30]	[26, 35]
Global psychological functioning and symptom levels	12	[31, 32, 38, 40, 42, 46–48, 51, 52]		[26, 34]
Social support	8	[29/30, 41]	[28, 40, 51]	[26, 31, 33]
Quality of life	4	[35]	[34, 37, 52]
Health status markers
Stress hormones	1		[39/47]
CD4 counts	5			[33, 34, 36, 42, 48]
Natural killer cells and naïve T cells	2	[56]		[25]
Cytotoxic T cells	2	[39]		[48]

When multiple papers from the same intervention reported on an outcome, this is denoted by a “/” between study citation numbers. Positive findings indicate that participants in the stress management intervention demonstrated improved functioning on the outcome. Mixed findings indicate that while stress management participants reported some improvement, findings varied across assessment points or on different dimensions of the construct. Negative findings indicate that participants in the stress management condition did not demonstrate improvement on a particular outcome.