Table 4.
Results of Fitting the Proportional Odds Model to the HBSC Data*
| Covariate | Outcome, OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Being Bullied | Bullying | Bullying/Being Bullied | |
| Alcohol use | P = .03 | P<.001 | P = .76 |
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rarely | 0.98 (0.85–1.14) | 1.44 (1.24–1.67) | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) |
| Every month | 0.67 (0.50–0.90) | 2.11 (1.68–2.64) | 1.09 (0.83–1.44) |
| Every week | 0.76 (0.58–0.99) | 1.89 (1.47–2.44) | 1.12 (0.84–1.50) |
| Every day | 0.56 (0.34–0.93) | 1.42 (0.98–2.08) | 0.97 (0.63–1.50 |
| Smoking | P = .03 | P<.001 | P<.001 |
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| <Once a week | 1.36 (0.97–1.90) | 1.66 (1.32–2.08) | 1.59 (1.27–1.98) |
| Every week | 0.94 (0.68–1.29) | 1.79 (1.36–2.36) | 2.11 (1.41–3.16) |
| Every day | 0.70 (0.49–1.00) | 1.67 (1.24–2.24) | 1.68 (1.22–2.31) |
| Fighting | P<.001 | P<.001 | P<.001 |
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Once | 2.16 (1.85–2.52) | 2.87 (2.42–3.39) | 3.17 (2.59–3.89) |
| 2 Times | 2.34 (1.75–3.13) | 3.31 (2.64–4.16) | 4.39 (3.20–6.03) |
| 3 Times | 2.47 (1.72–3.55) | 4.59 (3.41–6.19) | 5.36 (3.76–7.64) |
| ≥4 Times | 2.39 (1.82–3.14) | 5.20 (4.16–6.49) | 3.58 (2.46–5.21) |
| Academic achievement | P = .97 | P<.001 | P = .048 |
| Very good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Good | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) | 1.19 (0.99–1.42) | 1.15 (0.91–1.44) |
| Average | 0.96 (0.80–1.16) | 1.46 (1.22–1.74) | 1.19 (0.97–1.46) |
| Below average | 0.97 (0.68–1.38) | 1.82 (1.33–2.47) | 1.70 (1.16–2.49) |
| Perceived school climate† | P = .85 | P<.001 | P = .65 |
| 1 (least positive) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.83 (0.73–0.93) | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) |
| 3 | 0.98 (0.80–1.19) | 0.68 (0.54–0.87) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) |
| 4 | 0.97 (0.72–1.31) | 0.57 (0.40–0.81) | 0.91 (0.64–1.31) |
| 5 (most positive) | 0.96 (0.65–1.43) | 0.47 (0.29–0.75) | 0.89 (0.55–1.43) |
| Relationship with classmates† | P<.001 | P = .64 | P<.001 |
| 1 (least positive) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 0.69 (0.63–0.76) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.79 (0.71–0.87) |
| 3 | 0.48 (0.39–0.58) | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 0.62 (0.51–0.75) |
| 4 | 0.33 (0.24–0.44) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.49 (0.36–0.66) |
| 5 (most positive) | 0.23 (0.15–0.34) | 0.92 (0.67–1.27) | 0.38 (0.26–0.57) |
| Friendship making | P<.001 | P<.001 | P = .73 |
| Very easy | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Easy | 1.05 (0.91–1.20) | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) |
| Difficult | 1.46 (1.13–1.87) | 0.74 (0.59–0.93) | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) |
| Very difficult | 1.92 (1.42–2.59) | 0.67 (0.43–1.05) | 1.15 (0.70–1.89) |
| Loneliness† | P<.001 | P = .62 | P<.001 |
| 1 (least lonely) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 2.41 (2.17–2.69) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 1.90 (1.67–2.16) |
| 3 | 5.81 (4.77–7.09) | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | 3.60 (2.84–4.56) |
| 4 | 14.01 (10.41–18.86) | 1.06 (0.79–1.43) | 6.82 (4.78–9.74) |
| 5 (most likely) | 33.78 (22.74–50.20) | 1.08 (0.73–1.61) | 12.94 (8.04–20.81) |
| Parental attitude toward teen drinking | P = .29 | P = .55 | P<.001 |
| Shouldn’t drink | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Don’t like but allow | 1.19 (0.98–1.45) | 1.05 (0.89–1.25) | 1.33 (1.07–1.64) |
| Okay to drink/not get drunk | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) | 1.43 (1.06–1.94) |
| Okay to get drunk | 1.12 (0.82–1.53) | 1.19 (0.90–1.58) | 2.10 (1.53–2.88) |
| Parental involvement in school† | P = .01 | P = .53 | P = .003 |
| 1 (least involved) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1.12 (1.02–1.22) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) |
| 3 | 1.25 (1.06–1.46) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 1.25 (1.06–1.46) |
| 4 | 1.39 (1.10–1.76) | 1.06 (0.89–1.27) | 1.39 (1.10–1.76) |
| 5 (most involved) | 1.55 (1.13–2.13) | 1.08 (0.85–1.37) | 1.55 (1.13–2.13) |
| Wald ‡ | 337.30 | 4878.42 | 2678.37 |
*
HBSC indicates Health Behaviour of School-aged Children survey; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. P values represent the significance of the category overall.
†
Odds ratios for continuous variables were calculated for each level for illustrative purposes. In each case, the OR provided at the level “2” represents the increase in odds attributable to an increase in 1 unit of the covariate.
‡
P<.001 for outcome overall.