Table 3.

Opportunities and Hurdles for Clinical Implementation of Cell and Gene Therapies for Refractory Epilepsy

Opportunities	Hurdles
• Potential to avoid side effects by focal application	• Proof of long-term therapeutic efficacy
• Promise to combine neuroprotective, antiepileptic and antiepilepto genic effects by rational use of endogenous modulators of epileptic activity	• Proof of efficacy in clinically relevant animal models of epilepsy
• Potential to be effective in pharmacoresistant epilepsy	• Demonstration of long-term safety
	• Demonstration of efficacy in resected human epileptic hippocampi