TABLE 2.
Laboratory values in men who developed signs of organ dysfunction while consuming a diet providing 550 mg choline · 70 kg−1 · d−11
| Test and dietary phase | Value (n = 6) |
|---|---|
| Ratio of liver fat to spleen fat | |
| Screening | 1.6 ± 0.4 |
| 550 mg choline | 1.9 ± 0.7 |
| Repletion | 1.5 ± 0.2 |
| Serum AST (U/L) | |
| Screening | 26 ± 1.5 |
| 550 mg choline | 135 ± 372 |
| Repletion | 30 ± 3 |
| Serum ALT (U/L) | |
| Screening | 30 ± 4 |
| 550 mg choline | 58 ± 102 |
| Repletion | 48 ± 52 |
| Serum CPK (U/L) | |
| Screening | 115 ± 17 |
| 550 mg choline | 9081 ± 33812 |
| Repletion | 188 ± 31 |
| Serum albumin (mg/dL) | |
| Screening | 4.3 ± 0.1 |
| 550 mg choline | 4.0 ± 0.13 |
| Repletion | 4.0 ± 0.13 |
| Plasma choline (nmol/mL) | |
| Screening | 9.3 ± 0.9 |
| 550 mg choline | 9.9 ± 1.0 |
| Repletion | 10.4 ± 1.0 |
| Plasma betaine (nmol/mL) | |
| Screening | 40 ± 6 |
| 550 mg choline | 65 ± 112 |
| Repletion | 50 ± 5 |
| Plasma phosphatidylcholine (nmol/mL) | |
| Screening | 2305 ± 178 |
| 550 mg choline | 1910 ± 1743 |
| Repletion | 1949 ± 127 |
All values are x̄ ± SE. For some time points, n was smaller than indicated because of missing data (see text). Prestudy (screening) values were obtained on day 1 of the 550-mg choline diet to determine the ratio of liver fat to spleen fat; all other laboratory variables were measured during the screening visit. For all variables, measurements were also conducted at the end of the 550-mg choline diet phase and at the end of the repletion phase. AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CPK, creatine phosphokinase. The variables selected for inclusion in this table were identified after examination of 50 P values; ie, 42 of the 50 laboratory variables studied with the use of linear statistical models did not show clinically meaningful or significant changes at an α level of 0.05 and are not presented in the table. Statistical significance was conducted by using F tests, which were performed via a closed procedure (31) for testing multiple hypotheses, to determine differences obtained by fitting unified linear mixed-effects models to the data in appropriate scales.
2,3 Significantly different from screening:
P < 0.01
P < 0.05.