Fig. 3.

The matriarchal case. The age pattern of evolved mortality after 150,000 years (30,000 simulation cycles) compared with theoretical predictions based on Hamilton (remaining lifetime net fertility) and transfers (remaining lifetime net transfers). The shapes but not levels of theoretical benchmarks are calculated from the simulated fertility, mortality, and transfers: proportional to ln[1/F(a)] for the classic or Hamilton theory and to ln[1/T(a)] for the transfer theory. The simulation line plots the natural log of age-specific death rates over the last 500 cycles of a 30,000-cycle simulation. The simulation line is qualitatively similar to the transfer theory except at the highest ages and different from the Hamilton theory.