Table 1.
Distribution and function of β-AR subtypes
| Tissue or organ with parameter measured | β1 | β2 | β3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac—rate, force (Kaumann, 1989) | Increase | Increase | |
| Cardiac—lusitropic (Kaumann et al., 1999) | Increase | Increase | |
| Lung—bronchi tone (Barnes et al., 1983) | Dilate | ||
| Lung—parenchyma tone (Bertram et al., 1983) | Relax | Relax | |
| Lung—mediator release (Undem and Buckner, 1984) | Decrease | ||
| Lung—surfactant production/mucus secretion (Warburton et al., 1987) | Increase | ||
| Small coronary arteries—tone (Vatner et al., 1986) | Dilate | ||
| Large coronary arteries—tone (Purdy et al., 1988) | Dilate | ||
| Skeletal muscle blood vessels—tone (Bowman and Anden, 1981) | Dilate | ||
| Saphenous vein—tone (Ikezono et al., 1987) | Dilate | ||
| Cerebral arteries—tone (Edvinsson and Owman, 1974) | Dilate | Dilate | |
| Sympathetic neurotransmission—activity (Majewski, 1983) | Facilitate | ||
| Parasympathetic neurotransmission—activity (Vermeire and Vanhoutte, 1979) | Inhibit | ||
| CNS—blood pressure, heart rate (Day and Roach, 1974) | Increase | ||
| CNS—inhibitory synaptic transmission (Waterhouse et al., 1982) | Facilitate | ||
| CNS—clonidine withdrawal (Jonkman et al., 1984, 1998) | Attenuate | ||
| CNS—appetite (Tsujii and Bray, 1992) | Inhibit | ||
| CNS—memory (Gibbs and Summers, 2002) | Facilitate | Facilitate | |
| GI tract—gastric, fundus—tone (McLaughlin and MacDonald, 1991) | Relax | ||
| GI tract—ileum, colon—tone (Roberts et al., 1995; De Ponti et al., 1996) | Relax | ||
| GI tract—gastric acid (Stevens et al., 1986; Canfield and Paraskeva, 1992b) | Suppress | Secrete | |
| GI tract—caecum bicarbonate (Canfield and Abdul-Ghaffar, 1992a) | Secrete | ||
| GI tract—pancreas exocrine (Chariot et al., 1988) | Secrete | ||
| Genitourinary tract—uterus—tone (Krstew et al., 1982) | Relax | Relax | |
| Genitourinary tract—vas deferens—tone (Kenakin, 1982) | Relax | ||
| Genitourinary tract—costo-uterine muscle—tone (Hartley and Pennefather, 1985) | Relax | ||
| Genitourinary tract—bladder detrusor—tone (Oshita et al., 1997) | Relax | Relax | |
| Genitourinary tract—corpus cavernosum—tone (Hedlund and Andersson, 1985) | Relax | Relax | |
| Kidney—renin release (Buhler et al., 1975) | Increase | ||
| Eye—aqueous humor formation (Nathanson, 1980) | Increase | ||
| Eye—aqueous humor outflow (Potter, 1981) | Decrease | ||
| Eye—ciliary muscle (Rang et al., 2003) | Relax | ||
| Skeletal muscle tremor (Bowman and Anden, 1981) | Increase | ||
| Skeletal muscle—growth, glycogenolysis, speed of contraction (Bowman and Anden, 1981; Rothwell and Stock, 1987) | Increase | ||
| White adipose tissue—lipolysis (Lafontan et al., 1983) | Increase | Increase | Increase |
| Brown adipose tissue—thermogenesis (Nedergaard et al., 2007) | Increase | ||
| Pancreas—glucagon, insulin secretion (Mariani et al., 1971; Schuit and Pipeleers, 1985) | Increase | ||
| Liver—glycogenolysis (Kennedy and Ellis, 1969) | Increase |
Abbreviations: β-AR, β-adrenoceptor; CNS, central nervous system; GI, gastrointestinal.