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. 2008 Jul;3(4):1090–1101. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03080707

Table 3.

Independent clinical correlates of cerebrovascular diagnoses among transplant recipientsa

Characteristic Ischemic Stroke (aHR [95% CI]) Hemorrhagic Stroke (aHR [95% CI]) TIA (aHR [95% CI]) Any CVE Diagnosis (aHR [95% CI])
Recipient traits
    age (yr)
        18 to 30 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
        31 to 44 1.78 (1.18 to 2.68)c 0.72 (0.54 to 0.94)d 1.59 (1.11 to 2.28)c 1.44 (1.13 to 1.84)c
        45 to 60 3.82 (2.58 to 5.65)e 1.00 (Reference) 3.18 (2.26 to 4.45)e 2.73 (2.17 to 3.44)e
        >60 6.33 (4.26 to 9.39)e 1.00 (Reference) 5.38 (3.83 to 7.57)e 4.25 (3.36 to 5.37)e
    female gender 1.15 (1.01 to 1.32)d 1.25 (1.10 to 1.42)c 1.20 (1.10 to 1.32)c
    Hispanic ethnicity 0.75 (0.61 to 0.92)c 0.80 (0.69 to 0.92)c
    BMI category
        obese 0.65 (0.46 to 0.92)d
        nonobese 1.00 (Reference)
    cause of ESRD
        diabetes 2.37 (2.03 to 2.77)e 1.84 (1.41 to 2.40)d 1.96 (1.72 to 2.24)e 2.03 (1.83 to 2.26)e
        hypertension 1.58 (1.34 to 1.87)e 1.33 (1.00 to 1.77)d 1.00 (Reference) 1.27 (1.13 to 1.43)e
        other causes 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
    dialysis duration before transplantation (mo)
        25 to 60 0.87 (0.77 to 0.98)d
        <25 or >60 1.00 (Reference)
Baseline recipient comorbidities
    coronary artery disease 1.36 (1.15 to 1.60)c 2.07 (1.57 to 2.73)e 1.30 (1.10 to 1.53)c 1.37 (1.22 to 1.54)e
    arrhythmia 2.18 (1.36 to 3.50)c
    smoking 1.46 (1.02 to 2.10)d 1.44 (1.01 to 2.07)d
Donor traits
    age (yr)
        18 to 30 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
        45 to 59 1.59 (1.23 to 2.04)c 1.00 (Reference)
        ≥60 2.15 (1.56 to 2.97)e 1.27 (1.11 to 1.46)c
    hypertension 1.25 (1.07 to 1.47)c
Transplantation factors
    sensitized recipient 1.47 (1.20 to 1.82)c
    delayed graft function 1.17 (0.01 to 1.34)d 1.13 (1.02 to 1.24)d
    allograft failureb 2.41 (1.98 to 2.93)e 2.86 (2.12 to 3.86)e 2.45 (2.04 to 2.93)e 2.57 (2.26 to 2.94)e
Immunosuppression
    induction therapy
        any induction versus no induction 0.86 (0.75 to 0.98)d
        antithymocyte globulin versus other forms or no induction 0.85 (0.74 to 0.98)d
    discharge regimens
        “nonstandard” regimens 1.19 (1.02 to 1.39)d 1.45 (1.23 to 1.86)c
a

Final models determined by Cox regression with stepwise selection. NS categorical strata were collapsed into reference groups by the selection procedure, specifically, BMI categories of underweight, normal, and overweight; ESRD causes of glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and others not primarily caused by diabetes or hypertension; pretransplantation dialysis durations of none (preemptive), >0 to 24 mo, and >60 mo; maintenance discharge immunosuppression regimens of CSA and MMF, CSA and azathioprine, tacrolimus and azathioprine or MMF, and rapamycin based. Adjustment covariates considered but not significantly related to any outcome were recipient race, education, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and alcohol abuse history; donor type, gender, race, and death as a result of cerebrovascular accident; HLA match; and CMV sero-pairing. aHR, adjusted hazards ratio; CI, confidence interval.

b

Modeled as a time-varying covariate.

c

P < 0.01.

d

P < 0.05.

e

P < 0.001.