(A) Renal cortical mRNA responses to LPS injection in the setting of maleate nephrotoxicity. By 15 to 30 min after LPS injection, significant increases in TNF-α, MCP-1, and HO-1 mRNA were observed in both the control (C) and maleate treatment groups. The degree of these TNF-α and MCP-1 mRNA increases were two- to four-fold greater in the maleate treatment group (compared with their basal values). Conversely, maleate pretreatment did not alter the HO-1 mRNA responses to LPS, given that the post-LPS values were essentially identical between the control and maleate groups. All three mRNAs were somewhat higher at baseline in the maleate versus control groups. (B) Renal cortical mRNA responses 15 to 30 min after LPS injection in the setting of UUO and in CL kidneys. These results mirrored those described for the maleate experiments, as follows: (1) UUO significantly increased TNF-α, MCP-1, and HO-1 mRNA in the absence of LPS; (2) LPS induced dramatic increases in all three mRNAs; (3) the degrees of TNF-α and MCP-1 mRNA increases were significantly greater in UUO versus CL kidneys; and (4) HO-1 mRNA in the UUO kidney did not acutely respond to LPS injection.