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Overview of heart valve tissue engineering process: autologous cells are harvested from the patient (a) and isolated (b). (c) After culturing and expanding in vitro, cells are seeded onto a heart valve starter matrix that could be polymeric or xenogeneic. (d) Seeded construct are positioned into a biomimetic system bioreactor and conditioned. (e) After in vitro maturation, tissue-engineered heart valves are implanted into the patient. (Schmidt & Hoerstrup 2006)
