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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Jun 26.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Chem. 2007 Jan 18;53(3):447–455. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.074930

Table 3.

Relation of year 0 serum carotenoids with markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction measured at year 0, 5, 7, and 15.a

Quartile of serum carotenoid
Biochemical marker Year 0 carotenoids Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Slopeb P for slope
Year 0 leukocyte count, ×109/L Sum of 4 carotenoidsc 6.36 6.06 6.07 5.89 −0.17 <0.01
   (n = 4580, SD = 1.79)d,e Lycopene 6.05 6.13 6.05 6.16 0.03 0.30
Year 7 CRP (mg/L) Sum of 4 carotenoids 1.20 1.16 1.04 0.88 −0.12 <0.01
   (n = 3039, SD (ln scale) = 1.02)f Lycopene 1.04 1.11 0.99 1.11 0.00 0.92
Year 15 CRP, mg/L Sum of 4 carotenoids 1.37 1.31 1.28 1.05 −0.09 <0.01
   (n = 2581, SD (ln scale) = 1.03)f Lycopene 1.23 1.28 1.28 1.19 −0.03 0.21
Year 5 Fibrinogen (mmol/L)e Sum of 4 carotenoids 7.77 7.73 7.78 7.72 −0.01 0.65
   (n = 3515, SD = 1.48) Lycopene 7.74 7.72 7.73 7.81 0.02 0.41
Year 7 Fibrinogen, mmol/Le Sum of 4 carotenoids 9.94 10.00 9.94 9.75 −0.10 <0.01
   (n = 3250, SD = 1.94) Lycopene 9.89 9.90 9.87 9.97 0.04 0.25
Year 15 Superoxide dismutase (U/mL)e Sum of 4 carotenoids 4.55 4.59 4.57 4.86 0.12 0.02
   (n = 2346, SD = 2.22) Lycopene 4.77 4.62 4.62 4.58 −0.06 0.27
Year 15 Plasma F2-isoprostanes, pmol/Le Sum of 4 carotenoids 188 172 161 150 −13.0 <0.01
   (n = 2395, SD = 84) Lycopene 172 165 165 167 −1.9 0.34
Year 15 P-selectin (ng/L)e Sum of 4 carotenoids 37.6 36.6 37.5 36.5 −0.48 0.04
   (n = 2385, SD = 10.6) Lycopene 37.0 37.4 37.0 36.7 −0.14 0.56
Year 15 Soluble ICAM1, ng/Le Sum of 4 carotenoids 167 158 154 150 −5.1 <0.01
   (n = 2357, SD = 41) Lycopene 162 157 157 152 −3.6 <0.01
a

CARDIA 1985–1986 to 2000–2001. Values adjusted for race; sex; center; age; education; hypertension; diabetes; ethanol intake; LDL cholesterol; total energy intake; BMI; physical activity; use of vitamin A, C, E, and carotenoid supplements; and smoking status. Participants with CRP concentrations >10 mg/dL were excluded from CRP analyses to avoid any effect of acute inflammation.

b

β -Coefficient per SD of carotenoid.

c

Sum of 4 carotenoids: sum of α -carotene, β -carotene, zeaxanthin/lutein, and β -cryptoxanthin.

d

SD of the given variable in the adjusted model.

e

Adjusted mean.

f

Adjusted geometric mean (SD is given on the ln scale because it is not well-defined on the arithmetic scale for a skewed variable).