Table 4.

Relation of year 7 sum of 4 carotenoids with markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction measured at years 7 and 15.^a

Biochemical marker	Slopeb	P for slope
Year 7 CRP (n = 3044), mg/Lc	−0.17	<0.01
Year 15 CRP (n =2250), mg/Lc	−0.12	<0.01
Year 7 fibrinogen (n = 3220), mmol/Ld	−0.14	<0.01
Year 15 Superoxide dismutase (n = 2041), U/mLd	0.04	0.45
Year 15 Plasma F2-isoprostanes (n = 2078), pmol/Ld	−15.6	<0.01
Year 15 P-selectin (n = 2078), ng/Ld	−0.75	<0.01
Year 15 Soluble ICAM1 (n = 2048), ng/Ld	−5.09	<0.01

^aCARDIA 1992–1993 to 2000–2001. Values adjusted for race; sex; center; age; education; hypertension; diabetes; ethanol intake; LDL cholesterol; total energy intake; BMI; physical activity; use of vitamin A, C, E, and carotenoid supplements; and smoking status. Sum of 4 carotenoids: sum of α -carotene, β -carotene, zeaxanthin/lutein, and β -cryptoxanthin. Participants with CRP concentrations >10 mg/dL were excluded from CRP analyses to avoid any effect of acute inflammation.

^bβ -Coefficient per SD of carotenoid.

^cAdjusted geometric mean.

^dAdjusted mean.