Table 2.

Impact on English-Language Skills

	First–stage Equation Parental English	Reduced–form Equation Child English	Second–stage Equation Child English
	OLS (1)	OLS (2)	2SLS (3)	2SLS (4)	OLS (5)
Parental English			0.1692 ***	0.1611 ***	0.1849 ***
			(0.0211)	(0.0198)	(0.0092)
(Parent arrived young (age 0–9)×(Parent is from non–English–speaking country of birth)	0.5808 ***	0.0983 ***
	(0.1409)	(0.0326)
Parent is Hispanic	−0.0504 **	−0.0602 ***	−0.0516 ***	−0.0522 ***	−0.0506 ***
	(0.0250)	(0.0166)	(0.0166)	(0.0165)	(0.0159)
Parent race dummies (relative to White)
Black	0.0494 ***	0.0228 ***	0.0144 **	0.0149 **	0.0133 *
	(0.0118)	(0.0077)	(0.0073)	(0.0072)	(0.0071)
Asian and Pacific Islander	0.0361	−0.0418	−0.0479 **	−0.0476 **	−0.0485 **
	(0.0504)	(0.0258)	(0.0194)	(0.0195)	(0.0187)
Multiracial	0.0197	0.0284 ***	0.0251 ***	0.0252 ***	0.0247 ***
	(0.0136)	(0.0072)	(0.0065)	(0.0065)	(0.0066)
Other	−0.0045	0.0122	0.0129 *	0.0129 *	0.0130 *
	(0.0095)	(0.0083)	(0.0070)	(0.0071)	(0.0069)
Parental age and sex dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Child age and sex dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Parental age–at–arrival dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Parental country–of–birth dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Adjusted R–squared	0.387	0.158			0.204
F–statistic for test that instruments are jointly significant [p–value]			17.0	66.9
			[<0.0001]	[<0.0001]
Hansen J statistic for test of overidentification of all instruments [p–value]				9.4
				[0.8982]

Notes: The sample is as described in Table 1 notes (total number of observations is 164,559). In Column 3, the identifying instrument is (parent arrived young) × (parent is from a non–English–speaking country). In Column 4, the identifying instruments are interactions between dummies for parental age at arrival and dummy for parent being born in a non–English–speaking country (omitted category is the interaction involving parent arriving at age 0). Each column is from a separate regression that is weighted by child–level IPUMS weights. The country–of–birth dummies are based on IPUMS detailed birthplace codes. Robust standard errors from clustering by parental country of birth are shown in parentheses. Asterisks denote significance levels

^*=.10,

^**=.05,

^***=.01).