. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Jun 30.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006 Aug 24;292(1):R127–R136. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00427.2006

TABLE 1.

Skin cooling-evoked changes in physiological variables

	Before cooling	End of cooling	During rewarming
BAT SNA (% of baseline)	100 ± 26	760 ± 128^***	96 ± 27^†††
T_BAT (°C)	35.5 ± 0.3	36.4 ± 0.3^***	35.8 ± 0.4^*, ^††
Expired CO₂ (%)	4.0 ± 0.1	4.4 ± 0.1^***	4.0 ± 0.1^†††
HR (bpm)	425 ± 17	474 ± 22^***	408 ± 18^†††
MAP (mmHg)	128 ± 5	131 ± 5	122 ± 5^†
T_skin (°C)	38.1 ± 0.3	32.9 ± 0.5^***	38.0 ± 0.7^†††
T_rec (°C)	37.3 ± 0.1	37.4 ± 0.1	37.3 ± 0.2^††
T_brain (°C)	36.5 ± 0.1	36.7 ± 0.1^**	36.6 ± 0.2^†

The data represent the mean ± SEM (n = 6) of the physiological variables in the course of a skin cooling-rewarming challenge. Values before cooling were the averages during the 1-min period immediately prior to skin cooling. Values of end of cooling were those at the end of the skin cooling period (T_BAT, expired CO₂, HR, and T_skin) or the averages during the 1-min period immediately prior to the end of the skin cooling (BAT SNA, MAP, T_rec, and T_brain). Values during rewarming were those at 4 min after the start of rewarming the skin (T_BAT, expired CO₂, HR, and T_skin) or the averages during the 4th min after the start of the skin rewarming (BAT SNA, MAP, T_rec, and T_brain). Values of BAT SNA are expressed as percentage of the mean value before cooling.

P < 0.05,

^**

P < 0.01, and

^***

P < 0.001 compared with the values before cooling;

^†

P < 0.05,

^††

P < 0.01, and

^†††

P < 0.001 compared with the values at the end of cooling (Bonferroni multiple comparisons test following a repeated measures ANOVA).