A,C) Confocal images and B,D) quantitative comparisons of arcuate DiI-labeled fibers in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) of offspring on P12 (A,B) and P16 (C,D) of diet-induced obese (DIO) and diet resistant (DR) dams fed with chow or high energy (HE) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. Pups born to DIO dams showed a significant reduction in the density of DiI-labeled fibers innervating the PVH, relative to that of DR pups, regardless of maternal diet. Scale bar, 200 um. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. P < 0.05 between a and b.